Michigan Press). 1962: 26 (英语). Mayke de Jong(英语:Mayke de Jong). The Penitential State. Authority and Atonement in the Ages of Louis the Pious (814-840)
1111/j.1468-229X.1957.tb02281.x. Mayke de Jong(英语:Mayke de Jong). The Penitential State. Authority and Atonement in the Ages of Louis the Pious (814-840)
士在西欧最为活跃。人们不定期去教堂,而是与巡回的牧师会面,朝圣流行的圣地,这对基督教教义的传播起到了重要作用。圣职员使用悔罪规则书(英语:Penitential)来确定罪人(英语:Christian views on sin)的合适赎罪行为——通常是祈祷和禁食(英语:Fasting and abstinence