定性為一种精神障礙。弗洛伊德死後的30年間,轉換療法得到了美國大部分精神病學機構的認可,此一情況直到石牆起義才为终结。歐文·比伯(英语:IrvingBieber)等人所擇寫的《同性戀:男同性戀的心理分析研究(英语:Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male
The A.P.A. Normalization of Homosexuality, and the Research Study of IrvingBieber. [2021-04-04]. (原始内容存档于2013-07-29). Statement of the American Psychological
(16). – 通过EBSCO's Academic Search Complete Moor, Paul. The View from IrvingBieber's Couch: "Heads I Win, Tails You Lose". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy