，藥效會在30至45分鐘後開始，且持續三至六個小時，有時會用吹藥（英语：Insufflation (medicine)）或是吸食的方式服藥。2017年為止，還沒有MDMA的適應症（英语：Indication (medicine)）,但在临床试验中，它被发现可有效治疗自闭症谱系障碍中的创伤后应激障碍和社交焦虑症。

Deborah S.; Candace B. Levy. The Facts on File encyclopedia of health and medicine. New York: Facts on File. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8160-6063-4.  Patient controlled

Citing: Jonas: Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2005, Elsevier. FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Data Standards

[2017-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.  Toothpaste overdose. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. [2014-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-03）. 

Epidural Steroid Injections: Non-surgical Treatment of Spine Pain, eMedicine: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R), August 2005. Also available online