on Science, 1998, 6 (3): 288–330 Sabra, A. I., Ibn al-Haytham: Brief life of an Arab mathematician, Harvard Magazine, October–December 2003 [2008-01-23]
law(英语:Descartes law) of refraction (after 勒内·笛卡尔) was discovered by IbnSahl(英语:IbnSahl (mathematician)). the Snellius–Pothenot problem(英语:Snellius–Pothenot problem)
多德物理學。在伊斯蘭黃金時代,他們將這些學術發揚光大,特別強調觀測的動作,發展出一種早期形式的科學方法。. 伊本·沙爾(英语:IbnSahl (mathematician))、肯迪、海什木、伊本·西那等等科學家在光學與視覺領域給出創新理論。海什木在著名著作《光學書(英语:Book of Optics)》(Kitab