C_{0}(X)} ,其中 X {\displaystyle X} 在同胚意義下唯一。以範疇言之,局部緊空間範疇與交換C*代數範疇對偶(英语:Duality (categorytheory)),其證法用到蓋爾范德表示(英语:Gelfand representation)。前一範疇中, X {\displaystyle
Mikhail, Koszul duality for operads. Duke Math. J. 76 (1994), no. 1, 203-272. Quillen的有理同伦论,见: Quillen, Daniel, Rational homotopy theory. Ann. of Math.
2307/2161108. hdl:10338.dmlcz/127641 . Roeder, David W. Categorytheory applied to Pontryagin duality. Pacific Journal of Mathematics. 1974, 52 (2): 519–527