龐蒂亞克戰爭

庞蒂亚克战争（英语：Pontiac's War）是英法北美战争后，于1763年在英国北美殖民地时期五大湖地区的俄亥俄领地（英语：Ohio Country）和伊利诺伊领地因不满英国统治而爆发的一场战争。期间，许多部落的战士加入这场起义，以赶走该地区的英国士兵和定居者。战争名字来自渥太华人庞蒂亚克。虽然此次起义未能赶走英国人，但英国人为此不得不对原先政策作出调整。此外，战后割让尼亚加拉瀑布城附近土地予英国人^[9]^[10]

事实速览 庞蒂亚克战争, 日期 ...

庞蒂亚克战争

北美印第安战争的一部分

1763年4月27日大会，庞蒂亚克呼吁听众起身对抗英国人。 (19世纪雕刻, Alfred Bobbett)

日期	1763年4月27日 (1763-04-27)-1766年7月25日 (1766-07-25)
地点	北美五大湖地区
结果	军事僵持；北美原住民未能赶走英国人，但迫使英国人改变政策。
领土变更	塞尼卡人割让尼亚加拉瀑布城附近土地予英国人

参战方

大英帝国

北美原住民联盟^[1]^[2]

指挥官与领导者

杰弗里·阿默斯特
Henry Bouquet
汤马士·盖奇

庞蒂亚克
Guyasuta（英语：Guyasuta）

兵力

~3,000名士兵^[3]^[4]

~3,500名战士^[4]

伤亡与损失

~450 人被杀^[5]
~450名公民被杀^[6]
~4,000名公民流离失所^[7]

200+ 名战士被杀^[8]
伤亡人数不明

关闭

参考资料

引用

[1]
Government of Canada. “In Defence of Their Homelands.” Canada.ca, April 19, 2018. Link （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
[2]
“Pontiac's War.” Nations at War, 2020. https://nationsatwar.tv/conflicts/pontiacs-war/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
[3]
Dixon 2005，第158页.
[4]
Dowd 2002，第117页.
[5]
Peckham 1947，第239页.
[6]
Nester 2000，第279页.
[7]
Dowd 2002，第275页.
[8]
Middleton 2007，第202页.
[9]
Henderson, Donald A. et al. Smallpox as a Biological Weapon. Medical and Public Health Management （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. JAMA 1999, 281(22):2127–2137. doi:10.1001/jama.281.22.2127
[10]
d'Errico, Peter. Jeffrey Amherst and Smallpox Blankets （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.

来源

Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766. New York: Knopf. 2000. ISBN 0-375-40642-5.
Barras, V; Greub, G. History of biological warfare and bioterrorism. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2014, 20 (6): 497–502. PMID 24894605. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12706 .
Borrows, John. Wampum at Niagara: The Royal Proclamation, Canadian Legal History, and Self Government (PDF). Asch, Michael (编). Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference. Vancouver: UBC Press. 1997: 169–172 [2023-11-23]. ISBN 978-0-7748-0581-0. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-12-05）.
Calloway, Colin. The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America. New York: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-19-530071-8.
Dembek, Zygmunt F. (编). Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare. Government Printing Office. 2007. ISBN 978-0-16-087238-9.
Dixon, David. Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 2005. ISBN 0-8061-3656-1.
Dowd, Gregory Evans. A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1992. ISBN 0-8018-4609-9.
Dowd, Gregory Evans. War under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, & the British Empire. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2002. ISBN 0-8018-7079-8.
Fenn, Elizabeth A. Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst. The Journal of American History. 2000, 86 (4): 1552–1580. JSTOR 2567577. doi:10.2307/2567577.
Grenier, John. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-521-84566-1.
Hinderaker, Eric. Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1763–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-521-66345-8.
Jacobs, Wilbur R. Pontiac's War – A Conspiracy?. Dispossessing the American Indian: Indians and Whites on the Colonial Frontier. New York: Scribners. 1972: 83–93. ISBN 978-0806119359.
Jennings, Francis. Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America'. New York: Norton. 1988. ISBN 0-393-30640-2.
Mayor, Adrienne. The Nessus Shirt in the New World: Smallpox Blankets in History and Legend. The Journal of American Folklore. 1995, 108 (427): 54–77 [January 15, 2021]. JSTOR 541734. doi:10.2307/541734. （原始内容存档于2023-03-16）.
McConnell, Michael N. A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724–1774. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1992. ISBN 0-8032-8238-9.
McConnell, Michael N. "Introduction to the Bison Book Edition" of The Conspiracy of Pontiac by Francis Parkman. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1994. ISBN 0-8032-8733-X.
Middleton, Richard. Pontiac: Local Warrior or Pan Indian Leader?. Michigan Historical Review. 2006, 32 (2): 1–32. doi:10.1353/mhr.2006.0028.
Middleton, Richard. Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course, and Consequences. New York: Routledge. 2007. ISBN 978-0-415-97913-9.
Nester, William R. "Haughty Conquerors": Amherst and the Great Indian Uprising of 1763. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 2000. ISBN 0-275-96770-0.
Parkman, Francis. The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War after the Conquest of Canada 1994 reprint of 10th revised. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1870. ISBN 0-8032-8733-X. Parkman's landmark 2-volume work, originally published in 1851, subsequently revised and often reprinted, has largely been supplanted by modern scholarship.
Peckham, Howard H. Pontiac and the Indian Uprising. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1947. ISBN 0-8143-2469-X.
Ranlet, Philip. The British, the Indians, and Smallpox: What Actually Happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?. Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 2000, 67 (3): 427–441 [January 13, 2021]. JSTOR 27774278. （原始内容存档于2023-03-16）.
Richter, Daniel K. Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-674-00638-0.
Skaggs, David Curtis; Nelson, Larry L. (编). The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754–1814. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-87013-569-4.
Steele, Ian K. Warpaths: Invasions of North America. New York: Oxford University Press. 1994. ISBN 0-19-508223-0.
White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-521-42460-7.

Wikiwand - on

Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.

来源

Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766. New York: Knopf. 2000. ISBN 0-375-40642-5.
Barras, V; Greub, G. History of biological warfare and bioterrorism. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2014, 20 (6): 497–502. PMID 24894605. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12706 .
Borrows, John. Wampum at Niagara: The Royal Proclamation, Canadian Legal History, and Self Government (PDF). Asch, Michael (编). Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference. Vancouver: UBC Press. 1997: 169–172 [2023-11-23]. ISBN 978-0-7748-0581-0. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-12-05）.
Calloway, Colin. The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America. New York: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-19-530071-8.
Dembek, Zygmunt F. (编). Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare. Government Printing Office. 2007. ISBN 978-0-16-087238-9.
Dixon, David. Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 2005. ISBN 0-8061-3656-1.
Dowd, Gregory Evans. A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1992. ISBN 0-8018-4609-9.
Dowd, Gregory Evans. War under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, & the British Empire. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2002. ISBN 0-8018-7079-8.
Fenn, Elizabeth A. Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst. The Journal of American History. 2000, 86 (4): 1552–1580. JSTOR 2567577. doi:10.2307/2567577.
Grenier, John. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-521-84566-1.
Hinderaker, Eric. Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1763–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-521-66345-8.
Jacobs, Wilbur R. Pontiac's War – A Conspiracy?. Dispossessing the American Indian: Indians and Whites on the Colonial Frontier. New York: Scribners. 1972: 83–93. ISBN 978-0806119359.
Jennings, Francis. Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America'. New York: Norton. 1988. ISBN 0-393-30640-2.
Mayor, Adrienne. The Nessus Shirt in the New World: Smallpox Blankets in History and Legend. The Journal of American Folklore. 1995, 108 (427): 54–77 [January 15, 2021]. JSTOR 541734. doi:10.2307/541734. （原始内容存档于2023-03-16）.
McConnell, Michael N. A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724–1774. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1992. ISBN 0-8032-8238-9.
McConnell, Michael N. "Introduction to the Bison Book Edition" of The Conspiracy of Pontiac by Francis Parkman. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1994. ISBN 0-8032-8733-X.
Middleton, Richard. Pontiac: Local Warrior or Pan Indian Leader?. Michigan Historical Review. 2006, 32 (2): 1–32. doi:10.1353/mhr.2006.0028.
Middleton, Richard. Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course, and Consequences. New York: Routledge. 2007. ISBN 978-0-415-97913-9.
Nester, William R. "Haughty Conquerors": Amherst and the Great Indian Uprising of 1763. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 2000. ISBN 0-275-96770-0.
Parkman, Francis. The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War after the Conquest of Canada 1994 reprint of 10th revised. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1870. ISBN 0-8032-8733-X. Parkman's landmark 2-volume work, originally published in 1851, subsequently revised and often reprinted, has largely been supplanted by modern scholarship.
Peckham, Howard H. Pontiac and the Indian Uprising. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1947. ISBN 0-8143-2469-X.
Ranlet, Philip. The British, the Indians, and Smallpox: What Actually Happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?. Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 2000, 67 (3): 427–441 [January 13, 2021]. JSTOR 27774278. （原始内容存档于2023-03-16）.
Richter, Daniel K. Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-674-00638-0.
Skaggs, David Curtis; Nelson, Larry L. (编). The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754–1814. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-87013-569-4.
Steele, Ian K. Warpaths: Invasions of North America. New York: Oxford University Press. 1994. ISBN 0-19-508223-0.
White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-521-42460-7.