颅顶眼

颅顶眼（英文：Parietal eye），也被称为第三眼（third eye）、松果眼（pineal eye），是一些鱼类、两栖类、爬行类动物上丘脑的一部分。^[1] 颅顶眼位于头顶，可感光，并与松果体有联系，一同负责调节昼夜节律以及体温调节。^[1]

拥有颅顶眼的物种包括喙头蜥、大多数蜥蜴、蛙（无尾目）、蝾螈（有尾目）、鲨鱼、七鳃鳗（Lamprey）、一些种类的硬骨鱼等。^[2]^[3]^[4] 哺乳动物则不具有颅顶眼，但其已灭绝的近亲兽孔目动物有颅顶眼。^[5] 此外，龟鳖目和主龙类动物（如鸟类和鳄鱼）也不具有颅顶眼。^[6]

在相关物种中，颅顶眼比双眼要小得多，且在现今物种中，颅顶眼被皮肤覆盖，从外界不容易观察到。^[7] 与脊椎动物正常视力利用视杆细胞和视锥细胞进行感光不同，颅顶眼使用了不同的生化方法进行感光。^[8]

在相关物种中，颅顶眼（松果眼）属于上丘脑的一部分，上丘脑还包括松果体。

第三眼

[1]
Parietal Eye - an overview. Science Direct. [2021-04-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）（英语）.
[2]
Dodt, Eberhard. The Parietal Eye (Pineal and Parietal Organs) of Lower Vertebrates. Visual Centers in the Brain. Handbook of Sensory Physiology. 7 / 3 / 3 B. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 1973: 113–140. ISBN 9783642654978. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65495-4_4 （英语）.
[3]
Uetz, Peter. Sphenodontidae. The EMBL reptile database. European Molecular Biology Laboratory, heidelberg. 2003-10-07 [2007-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2007-02-21）.
[4]
Gundy, GC; Wurst, GZ. The occurrence of parietal eyes in recent Lacertilia (Reptilia). Journal of Herpetology. 1976, 10 (2): 113–121. JSTOR 1562791. doi:10.2307/1562791.
[5]
The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. www.app.pan.pl. [2021-04-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-02）（英语）.
[6]
Emerling, Christopher A. Archelosaurian Color Vision, Parietal Eye Loss, and the Crocodylian Nocturnal Bottleneck. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2017-03-01, 34 (3): 666–676. ISSN 0737-4038. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw265.
[7]
Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. 1977: 471–473. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5.
[8]
Xiong, Wei-Hong; Solessio, Eduardo C.; Yau, King-Wai. An unusual cGMP pathway underlying depolarizing light response of the vertebrate parietal-eye photoreceptor. Nature Neuroscience. 1998, 1 (5): 359–65 [2007-02-22]. PMID 10196524. doi:10.1038/1570. （原始内容存档于2007-09-29）.

[:0-1] [1]
Parietal Eye - an overview. Science Direct. [2021-04-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）（英语）.

[2] [2]
Dodt, Eberhard. The Parietal Eye (Pineal and Parietal Organs) of Lower Vertebrates. Visual Centers in the Brain. Handbook of Sensory Physiology. 7 / 3 / 3 B. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 1973: 113–140. ISBN 9783642654978. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65495-4_4 （英语）.

[3] [3]
Uetz, Peter. Sphenodontidae. The EMBL reptile database. European Molecular Biology Laboratory, heidelberg. 2003-10-07 [2007-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2007-02-21）.

[4] [4]
Gundy, GC; Wurst, GZ. The occurrence of parietal eyes in recent Lacertilia (Reptilia). Journal of Herpetology. 1976, 10 (2): 113–121. JSTOR 1562791. doi:10.2307/1562791.

[5] [5]
The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. www.app.pan.pl. [2021-04-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-02）（英语）.

[6] [6]
Emerling, Christopher A. Archelosaurian Color Vision, Parietal Eye Loss, and the Crocodylian Nocturnal Bottleneck. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2017-03-01, 34 (3): 666–676. ISSN 0737-4038. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw265.

[VB2-7] [7]
Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. 1977: 471–473. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5.

[8] [8]
Xiong, Wei-Hong; Solessio, Eduardo C.; Yau, King-Wai. An unusual cGMP pathway underlying depolarizing light response of the vertebrate parietal-eye photoreceptor. Nature Neuroscience. 1998, 1 (5): 359–65 [2007-02-22]. PMID 10196524. doi:10.1038/1570. （原始内容存档于2007-09-29）.

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颅顶眼

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