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鞘膜积液(英国英语：hydrocoele、阴囊积水)表示浆液(serous fluid)在体腔内的病变积累。
睾丸鞘膜积液是围绕睾丸的流体积累，并且是相当普遍的。它是由腹膜(peritoneum)缠绕着睾丸体的部分、称为鞘膜(tunica vaginalis)，所分泌之流体引起的。目前只要没有疝气，1岁以下小孩的鞘膜积液，通常会自行痊愈。原发性鞘膜积液可能发展在成年期、尤其是老年人，在炎热的国家尤为常见，经由浆液性液体、大概是由受损的重吸收所引起的，这似乎是最主要的鞘膜积液的解释，虽然原因还不清楚。 鞘膜积液也可是反复性地经由班氏丝虫(Wuchereria bancrofti)或马来丝虫(Brugia malayi)的慢性感染、或非洲和东南亚地区的两种蚊子传播的寄生虫等所引起的"插销性腹股沟淋巴系统"(Inguinal lymph node)的结果。因此，如果发病条件会是较弥漫性的后遗症(sequela)之一部分、通常被称为象皮病(elephantiasis)，这也影响在身体其它部分的淋巴系统。
鞘膜积液可以通过四种方式产生：
A primary hydrocele is described as having the following characteristics:
- Transillumination positive
- Fluctuation positive
- Impulse on coughing negative (positive in infantile hydrocele)
- Reducibility absent
- Testis cannot be palpated separately. (exception - funicular hydrocele, encysted hydrocele)
- Beiko DT, Kim D, Morales A (2003): “Aspiration and sclerotherapy versus hydrocelectomy for treatment of hidroceles”. Urology 61: 708-12. PMID 12670550.
- Shan CJ, Lucon AM, Arap S (2003): “A Comparative study of sclerotherapy with phenol and surgical treatment for hidrocele”. J Urol 169: 1056-9. PMID 12576845.
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