里氏替换原则

在面向对象的程序设计中，里氏替换原则（Liskov Substitution principle）是对子类型的特别定义。它由芭芭拉·利斯科夫（Barbara Liskov）在1987年在一次会议上名为“数据的抽象与层次”的演说中首先提出。^[1]

里氏替换原则由芭芭拉·利斯科夫提出，照片摄于2010年.

里氏替换原则的内容可以描述为： “派生类（子类）对象可以在程序中代替其基类（超类）对象。” 以上内容并非利斯科夫的原文，而是译自罗伯特·马丁（Robert Martin）对原文的解读。其原文为：

Let ${\displaystyle q(x)}$ be a property provable about objects ${\displaystyle x}$ of type ${\displaystyle T}$. Then ${\displaystyle q(y)}$ should be true for objects ${\displaystyle y}$ of type ${\displaystyle S}$ where ${\displaystyle S}$ is a subtype of ${\displaystyle T}$.

芭芭拉·利斯科夫与周以真（Jeannette Wing）在1994年发表论文并提出以上的Liskov代换原则。

引用

1. Liskov, Barbara. Data abstraction and hierarchy. 1987-10-04 [2008-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-30）.

参考文献

一般参考

• Leavens, Gary T.; Dhara, Krishna K. Concepts of Behavioral Subtyping and a Sketch of Their Extension to Component-Bases Systems. Leavens, Gary T.; Sitaraman, Murali (编). Foundations of component-based systems. Cambridge University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-521-77164-1. This paper surveys various notions of behavioral subtyping, including Liskov and Wing's.
• Liskov, B. H.; Wing, J. M. A behavioral notion of subtyping. ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst. 16 (6). November 1994: 1811–41. doi:10.1145/197320.197383. 参数|journal=与模板{{cite conference}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite journal}}或|book-title=） (帮助)
  An updated version appeared: Liskov, Barbara; Wing, Jeannette. Behavioral Subtyping Using Invariants and Constraints (技术报告). Carnegie Mellon University. July 1999 [2022-01-06]. CMU-CS-99-156. （原始内容存档于2012-07-16）. The formalization of the principle by its authors.
• Plösch, Reinhold. Contracts, scenarios and prototypes: an integrated approach to high quality software. Springer. 2004. ISBN 3-540-43486-0. Contains a gentler introduction to behavioral subtyping in its various forms in chapter 2.
• Martin, Robert C. The Liskov Substitution Principle (PDF). C++ Report. March 1996. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-11-28）. An article popular in the object-oriented programming community that gives several examples of LSP violations.
• Majorinc, Kazimir. Ellipse-Circle Dilemma and Inverse Inheritance. ITI 98, Proceedings of the 20th International Conference of Information Technology Interfaces, Pula, 1998. : 627–632. ISSN 1330-1012. OCLC 894960131. |journal=被忽略 (帮助) This paper discusses LSP in the mentioned context.

具体参考

• Liskov, B. Keynote address — data abstraction and hierarchy. ACM SIGPLAN Notices. May 1988, 23 (5): 17–34. doi:10.1145/62139.62141. A keynote address in which Liskov first formulated the principle.
• Meyer, B. [[Object-oriented Software Construction|物件導向軟體構建（英语：Object-oriented Software Construction）]]. Prentice Hall. 1988. ISBN 0-13-629031-0.

参阅

• SOLID - “SOLID”中的 L 指代了里氏替换原则
• 类型签名
• 参考透明度（英语：Referential transparency）(Referential transparency)
• 求精法 (编程计算)（英语：Refinement (computing)）(Refinement (computing))
• 组合优于继承（英语：Composition over inheritance）(Composition over inheritance)

外部链接

• Norvell, T.S. The Liskov Substitution Principle (PDF). 2003 [2022-01-06]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-01-30）.
• Liskov Substitution Principle Explained （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• SOLID Class Design: The Liskov Substitution Principle （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• LSP: Liskov Substitution Principle （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）