菜粉蝶(学名:Pieris rapae,英文俗名:Small White, Small Cabbage White,别名:纹白蝶、日本纹白蝶、白纹蝶、菜白蝶,俗称菜虫)在台湾又名缘点白粉蝶,是属于粉蝶科的一种蝴蝶,是粉蝶属的一种。广泛分布于欧亚大陆大部分地区,并已入侵并立足于北美、北非、澳洲、新西兰等地低至高海拔地区[3][4]。模式产地为瑞典[5]。
Quick Facts 菜粉蝶, 保护状况 ...
菜粉蝶
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合翅形态
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展翅形态
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科学分类
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界:
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动物界 Animalia
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门:
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节肢动物门 Arthropoda
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纲:
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昆虫纲 Insecta
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目:
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鳞翅目 Lepidoptera
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总科:
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凤蝶总科 Papilionoidea
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科:
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粉蝶科 Pieridae
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属:
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粉蝶属 Pieris
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种:
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菜粉蝶 P. rapae
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二名法
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Pieris rapae
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亚种
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共有17个亚种,详阅正文。
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全球性分布及入侵时期
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异名
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- Papilio rapae Linnaeus, 1758
- Pieris rapae var. aurea Rolfe, 1876
- Pieris rapae var. similis Krulikovsky, 1890
- Pieris rapae ab. praeteria Krulikowsky, 1908
- Pieris rapae ab. immaculata Gauckler, 1899
- Pieris rapae ab. nigropunctata Lambillion, 1906
- Pieris rapae f. dubiosa Röber, 1907
- Pieris rapae f. flavescenz Röber, 1907
- Pieris rapae f. canadiaeformis Drenowsky, 1910
- Pieris rapae f. subpunctata Kuhlman, 1916
- Pieris rapae f. triangulata Verity, 1917
- Pieris rapae f. tertia Verity, 1917
- Pieris rapae f. secunda Verity, 1917
- Pieris rapae ♂ f. bimaculata Verity, 1917
- Pieris rapae f. zelleri Stauder, 1921
- Pieris rapae f. rossioides Stauder, 1921
- Pieris rapae f. phaiosoma Verity, 1926
- Pieris napi ab. divisa Lempke, 1936
- Pieris rapae f. pseudaestiva Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. lacticolor Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. fuscosignata Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. cordata Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. longomaculata Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. magnomaculata Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. obsoleta Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. disconulla Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. nigrans Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. infrapallida Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. flavopicta Lempke, 1953
- Artogeia rapae Hodges, 1983
- Pontia rapae Grum-Grshimailo, 1890
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一年多代。成蝶飞行缓慢,好访花。冬季温度低的地区以蛹态过冬。幼虫的寄主主要为十字花科植物,大多都是农作产物,所以菜粉蝶是族群密度非常高的农业害虫。雌蝶将卵单产在十字花科蔬菜上,因此饭盒里常能找到煮熟的幼虫,为了避免各类昆虫啃食,农夫大多会施以农药防治以达立竿见影之效。[6]
拉丁学名的种名“rapae”源自古希腊语“ραπάνι”(rapáni),指萝卜(radish),也是菜粉蝶幼虫的一种常用寄主植物。[7]
在台湾以外汉语使用地区,中文种名“菜”源于此种的幼虫常以十字花科的蔬菜为食。在台湾使用的中文名字直接以属名“白粉蝶”命名,皆因此种的族群数量多,分布广,足以作为本属代表。而别名“纹白蝶”乃源自日文名称“モン(纹)シロチョウ(白蝶)”。[6]
卵型稍胖,刚产的卵颜色较淡,开始发育后颜色转深。小幼虫的背中线呈淡黄色,且模糊。终龄幼虫体侧黄色虚线细,体表的蓝黑色突起小。蛹的胸背隆起低,腹背两侧突起短而不明显。[6]
成虫躯体背面黑褐色,腹面白色。翅背面底色白色,前翅翅顶及翅基有黑褐色纹;M3及CuA2室各有一黑褐色斑点排成纵列。后翅翅基亦有黑褐色纹,前缘中央有一黑褐色斑点。翅腹面为带黄色的白色,前翅亦有两枚黑褐色斑点。低温期个体体型较小,黑褐色纹色泽较浅。雌蝶的前翅翅基黑褐色纹较雄蝶明显,由灰色鳞粉形成。[3][4][6][8][9]
形态近似的物种有:
- 黑纹粉蝶 Pieris melete
- 奈斯粉蝶 Pieris nesis
- 杜鹃粉蝶 Pieris dulcinea
- 欧洲粉蝶 Pieris brassicae
- 东方菜粉蝶 Pieris canidia
- 飞龙粉蝶 Talbotia naganum
幼虫爬出卵壳后,会回头喷食卵壳,作为孵化后的第一餐。幼虫会取食寄主植物的叶片、花序和果实。幼虫化蛹前通常会爬离寄主,在其他植物或附近杂物上化蛹。[6]寄主植物包括:[4][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
More information 十字花目, 茄目 ...
十字花目
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十字花科 Brassicaceae
- 庭荠属 Alyssum
- 南芥属 Arabis
- 辣根属 Armoracia
- 山芥属 Barbarea
- 芸薹属 Brassica
- 芥菜 B. juncea
- 芜菁甘蓝 B. napobrassica
- 西洋油菜 B. napus
- 黑芥菜 B. nigra
- 甘蓝 B. oleracea
- 芥兰 B. o. var. alboglabra
- 椰菜 B. o. var. capitata
- 西兰花 B. o. var. italica
- 芸薹 B. rapa
- 碎米荠属 Cardamine
- 香花芥属 Hesperis
- 独行菜属 Lepidium
- 堇娘芥属 Moricandia
- 诸葛菜属 Orychophragmus
- 萝卜属 Raphanus
- 萝卜 R. raphanistrum subsp. sativus
- 樱岛萝卜 R. sativus
var. hortensis f. gigantissimus
- 蔊菜属 Rorippa
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醉蝶花科 Cleomaceae
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木犀草科 Resedaceae
- 川犀草属 Oligomeris
- 木犀草属 Reseda
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旱金莲科 Tropaeolaceae
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白花菜科 Capparaceae
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茄目
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茄科 Solanaceae
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成虫一年多代。全年四季可见,冬季温度低的地区或以蛹态过冬。出没于海拔0-2500米地区的常绿阔叶林、农田、乡村及都市荒地、热带季风林、热带雨林、海岸林、常绿落叶阔叶混生林、常绿硬叶林。主要出没于平原到丘陵农田和周围的荒地。它喜欢阳性环境,在菜田等农田周围飞行,又爱在菊科等各种花卉间飞舞。开阔的农耕地正为其所好,因此成为十字花科蔬菜的主要虫害。冬季稻作休耕时,农民习惯种植油菜作为绿肥,正好提供本种幼虫大量的食物,每当油菜田里黄花盛开,总是有成群的白色蝴蝶于田间飞舞。雌蝶将卵单产在十字花科蔬菜上。[3][8]
- - 指名亚种[15]
- P. r. deleta Strand, 1901[16]
- P. r. mauretanica Verity, 1908
- - 分布于北非[17]
- P. r. transcaucasica (Stauder, 1925)
- - 分布于高加索及亚美尼亚高原[18]
- P. r. meleager Hemming, 1934
- - 分布于塔雷什山脉及克佩特山脉[19]
- P. r. kenteana Rühl, [1893]
- - 分布于俄罗斯阿尔泰、萨彦岭、外贝加尔山脉、远东及堪察加半岛[20]
- P. r. crucivora Boisduval, 1836
- - 分布于俄罗斯阿穆尔、乌苏里湾及库页岛[21]
- P. r. debilis Alphéraky, 1889 = P. r. eumorpha
- - 新疆亚种,分布于中亚图兰低地、天山山脉、吉萨尔山脉、达尔瓦兹、阿赖山脉及帕米尔高原[4][22]
- P. r. leucosoma Schawerda, 1905
- - 分布于叙利亚、巴勒斯坦地区及约旦[23]
- P. r. atomaria Fruhstorfer, 1909
- - 分布于达尔马提亚[24]
- P. r. micipsa Fruhstorfer, 1909
- - 分布于日本九州[25]
- P. r. lysicles Fruhstorfer, 1909
- - 分布于日本[25]
- P. r. tochica Peile, 1937[26]
- P. r. originalis Bryk, 1940
- - 东方亚种,分布于中国浙江等地[4][27]
- P. r. crucivorina Bryk, 1942
- - 台湾亚种,分布于香港、台湾及俄罗斯千岛群岛[4][28][29]
- - 云南亚种,分布于华南如云南[4][30]
- P. r. bernardii Le Moult, 1945[31]
任天堂于2020年发行的《集合啦!动物森友会》中也有出现菜粉蝶。会于上午4时至下午7时在空中飞行。北半球于9至6月出现,而南半球于3-12月出现。[32]
van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Wiemers, M., Katbeh-Bader, A., Power, A., Benyamini, D., Tzirkalli, E., Balletto, E., Monteiro, E., Karaçetin, E., Franeta, F., Pe'er, G., Welch, H., Thompson, K., Pamperis, L., Dapporto, L., Šašić, M., López Munguira, M., Micevski, N., Dupont, P., Garcia-Pereira, P., Moulai, R., Caruana, R., Verovnik, R., Bonelli, S. & Beshkov, S. 2014. Pieris rapae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T174353A53720063.
van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J. 2010. Pieris rapae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T174353A7056010.
Chou, 1994. Monografia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium 1: 257 (简体中文)
Linnaeus, 1758; Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Symonymis, Locis. Tomis I. 10th Edition Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 468
日本チョウ类保全协会 [日本蝴蝶保护协会] (2012). フィールドガイド 日本のチョウ 日本产全种がフィールド写真で検索可能 [野外指南 日本蝴蝶 所有来自日本的物种都可以使用现场照片进行搜索]. 东京: 诚文堂新光社. p92. (日语)
Seppänen, 1970. Suomen suurperhostoukkien ravintokasvit Animalia Fennica 14 (芬兰文)
K. L. & L. E. Dunn, 1991, Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history and taxonomy. Pushlished by authors, Melbourne Review Austr. Butts. (1-4): (120-140)
Tennent, 1996. The Butterflies of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia : 1-217
D'Abrera, 1977 Butterflies of the Australian Region (2nd edn) Butts. Aust. Region: 1-416
Stephens, 1827; Illustrations of British Entomology; or, a synopsis of indigenous insects: containing their generic and specific distinctions; with an account of their metamorphoses, times of appearance, localities, food, and economy, as far as practicable Ill. Br. Ent. (Haustellata) 1 (1): 19
Strand, 1901; Beitrag zur Schmetterlingsfauna Norwegens Nyt Mag. Naturv. 39 (1): 44
Verity, 1908; Rhopalocera Palaearctica Iconographie et Description des Papillons diurnes de la région paléarctique. Papilionidae et Pieridae Rhopalocera Palaearctica (13-14): 155, (17-20) pl. 33, f. 43-44
Hemming, 1934; Some notes in the nomenclature of Palaearctic and African Rhopalocera Stylops 3 (5): 98
(Rühl, [1893]); in Heyne, Palaearkt. Grossschmett. 1 : 125
Boisduval, 1836; Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species Général des Lépidoptéres. Tome Premier Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 521
Alphéraky, 1889; Lépidoptères rapportés du Thibet par le Général N. M. Przewalsky de son voyage de 1884-1885 in Romanoff, Mém. lép. 5: 70
Schawerda, 1905; [Bericht der Sektion für Lepidopterologie] Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 55: 516
Fruhstorfer, 1909; Neues über Pieris manni [sic] Ent. Zs. 23 (8): 42
Fruhstorfer, 1909; Neue palaearktische Pieriden Int. ent. Zs. 3 (16): 88
Peile, 1937; Guide to coll. butts. India: 47
Bryk, 1940; Die von Prof. Dr. Lundblad gesammelten Gross-Schmetterlinge der Iberischen Halbinseln Arkiv Zool. 32A (22): 4
Bryk, 1942; Zur Kenntnis der Großschmetterlinge der Kurilen Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 56: 11
(Mell, 1943); Zool. Stuttgart 36 (100): 104
Le Moult, 1945; Misc. Ent. 41: 52
- 17世纪
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- 19世纪
- Grum-Grshimailo, 1890, Le Pamir et sa faune lépidoptérologique in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 4: 218
- 20世纪
- Dyar, 1903, A List of North American Lepidoptera and Key to the Literature of this Order of Insects Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 6
- Chittenden FH. 1916a. The common cabbage worm. USDA Farmers' Bulletin 766. 16 pp.
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- 21世纪
- Capinera JL. 2001. Handbook of Vegetable Pests. Academic Press, San Diego. 729 pp.
- Pyle, 2002. The Butterflies of Cascadia, 140.
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