臂旁核

臂旁核（Parabrachial nuclei），是位于脑桥背外侧的一组核，其在中国为2014年公布的人体解剖学名词及2022年公布的睡眠医学名词^[1][2]。在人类大脑中，小脑上脚的扩张会导致臂旁核的扩张，臂旁核在大部分小脑上脚上形成一层薄薄的灰质带。按照Baxter和Olszewski的建议，人类的臂旁核通常分为内侧臂旁核和外侧臂旁核。^[3]进一步地，这些核又被细分为十几个亚核。^[4][5]功能方面主要与觉醒、血糖、体温等调节有关。^[2]

功能

在睡眠期间呼吸不足以满足生理需求时，外侧臂旁核中包含神经递质降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）的神经元群似乎对于将有关缺氧（低血氧）和/或高碳酸血症（血液高CO₂）的信息传递前脑部位以“唤醒大脑”（唤醒）至关重要。由此产生的“唤醒呼吸动力”有助于预防窒息。^[6]

最近数据显示，内侧和外侧臂旁核中的谷氨酸能神经元，以及脚桥被盖核中的谷氨酸能神经元，在脑干中为产生清醒状态提供了一个关键节点。^[7][8]这些神经元的损伤会导致不可逆的昏迷。

参考

1. 术语在线. www.termonline.cn. [2024-05-05].
2. 术语在线. www.termonline.cn. [2024-05-05].
3. Olszewski, J. Cytoarchitecture of the Human Brainstem. Lippincott. 1954: 1–199.
4. Fulwiler, C. E.; Saper, C. B. Subnuclear organization of the efferent connections of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. Brain Research. 1984-08-01, 319 (3): 229–259. ISSN 0006-8993. PMID 6478256. S2CID 13253760. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(84)90012-2.
5. Yokota, Shigefumi; Kaur, Satvinder; VanderHorst, Veronique G.; Saper, Clifford B.; Chamberlin, Nancy L. Respiratory-related outputs of glutamatergic, hypercapnia-responsive parabrachial neurons in mice. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2015-04-15, 523 (6): 907–920. ISSN 1096-9861. PMC 4329052 . PMID 25424719. doi:10.1002/cne.23720.
6. Kaur, Satvinder; Pedersen, Nigel P.; Yokota, Shigefumi; Hur, Elizabeth E.; Fuller, Patrick M.; Lazarus, Michael; Chamberlin, Nancy L.; Saper, Clifford B. Glutamatergic signaling from the parabrachial nucleus plays a critical role in hypercapnic arousal. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2013-05-01, 33 (18): 7627–7640. ISSN 1529-2401. PMC 3674488 . PMID 23637157. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0173-13.2013.
7. Fuller, Patrick M.; Fuller, Patrick; Sherman, David; Pedersen, Nigel P.; Saper, Clifford B.; Lu, Jun. Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2011-04-01, 519 (5): 933–956. ISSN 1096-9861. PMC 3119596 . PMID 21280045. doi:10.1002/cne.22559.
8. Kroeger, Daniel; Ferrari, Loris L.; Petit, Gaetan; Mahoney, Carrie E.; Fuller, Patrick M.; Arrigoni, Elda; Scammell, Thomas E. Cholinergic, Glutamatergic, and GABAergic Neurons of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Have Distinct Effects on Sleep/Wake Behavior in Mice. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2017-02-01, 37 (5): 1352–1366. ISSN 1529-2401. PMC 5296799 . PMID 28039375. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1405-16.2016.