脑砂

脑砂（Corpora arenacea、brain sand、acervuli^[1]^[2]、corpus arenaceum^[3]）是松果体和脉络丛等大脑区域的钙化结构。年老的生物体内有许多的脑砂，其功能暂时是未知的。脑砂的浓度会随着生物体年龄的增长而增加，因此随着时间的流逝，通常在第三十年或第四十年中，松果体在X射线的照射下会变得越来越明显。它们有时在影像诊断学中用作解剖标志物^[4]。有化学分析表明，它们由羟磷灰石^[5]、碳酸钙、磷酸镁（英语：Magnesium phosphate）、磷酸铵^[6]及方解石沉积物^[7]组成。

[1]
Vígh, B; Szél, A; Debreceni, K; Fejér, Z; Manzano e Silva, MJ; Vígh-Teichmann, I. Comparative histology of pineal calcification.. Histology and histopathology. 1998-07, 13 (3): 851–70 [2020-01-13]. PMID 9690142. doi:10.14670/HH-13.851. （原始内容存档于2020-01-13）.
[2]
Kim, J; Kim, HW; Chang, S; Kim, JW; Je, JH; Rhyu, IJ. Growth patterns for acervuli in human pineal gland.. Scientific reports. 2012, 2: 984 [2020-01-13]. PMID 23248747. doi:10.1038/srep00984. （原始内容存档于2020-01-13）.
[3]
Tomonari, Y; Sato, J; Wako, Y; Tsuchitani, M. Age-related Histological Findings in the Pineal Gland of Crl:CD(SD) Rats.. Journal of toxicologic pathology. 2012-12, 25 (4): 287–91 [2020-01-13]. PMID 23345933. doi:10.1293/tox.25.287. （原始内容存档于2020-01-13）.
[4]
thesis:The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland (PDF). [2020-01-13]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-15）. The calcified pineal is used as a landmark in skull X- rays because of its radio-opacity
[5]
ANGERVALL, L; BERGER, S; ROCKERT, H. A microradiographic and x-ray crystallographic study of calcium in the pineal body and in intracranial tumours.. Acta pathologica et microbiologica Scandinavica. 1958, 44 (2): 113–9 [2020-01-13]. PMID 13594470. doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1958.tb01060.x. （原始内容存档于2020-01-13）.
[6]
Bocchi, G; Valdre, G. Physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of carbonate-hydroxyapatite concretions of the human pineal gland.. Journal of inorganic biochemistry. 1993-02-15, 49 (3): 209–20 [2020-01-13]. PMID 8381851. doi:10.1016/0162-0134(93)80006-u. （原始内容存档于2020-01-13）.
[7]
Baconnier, S; Lang, SB; Polomska, M; Hilczer, B; Berkovic, G; Meshulam, G. Calcite microcrystals in the pineal gland of the human brain: first physical and chemical studies.. Bioelectromagnetics. 2002-10, 23 (7): 488–95 [2020-01-13]. PMID 12224052. doi:10.1002/bem.10053. （原始内容存档于2020-01-13）.

Histology image: 14401loa – 波士顿大学的组织学学习系统
Histology image: 41_03 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - "Pineal gland"

[1] [1]
Vígh, B; Szél, A; Debreceni, K; Fejér, Z; Manzano e Silva, MJ; Vígh-Teichmann, I. Comparative histology of pineal calcification.. Histology and histopathology. 1998-07, 13 (3): 851–70 [2020-01-13]. PMID 9690142. doi:10.14670/HH-13.851. （原始内容存档于2020-01-13）.

[2] [2]
Kim, J; Kim, HW; Chang, S; Kim, JW; Je, JH; Rhyu, IJ. Growth patterns for acervuli in human pineal gland.. Scientific reports. 2012, 2: 984 [2020-01-13]. PMID 23248747. doi:10.1038/srep00984. （原始内容存档于2020-01-13）.

[3] [3]
Tomonari, Y; Sato, J; Wako, Y; Tsuchitani, M. Age-related Histological Findings in the Pineal Gland of Crl:CD(SD) Rats.. Journal of toxicologic pathology. 2012-12, 25 (4): 287–91 [2020-01-13]. PMID 23345933. doi:10.1293/tox.25.287. （原始内容存档于2020-01-13）.

[4] [4]
thesis:The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland (PDF). [2020-01-13]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-15）. The calcified pineal is used as a landmark in skull X- rays because of its radio-opacity

[5] [5]
ANGERVALL, L; BERGER, S; ROCKERT, H. A microradiographic and x-ray crystallographic study of calcium in the pineal body and in intracranial tumours.. Acta pathologica et microbiologica Scandinavica. 1958, 44 (2): 113–9 [2020-01-13]. PMID 13594470. doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1958.tb01060.x. （原始内容存档于2020-01-13）.

[6] [6]
Bocchi, G; Valdre, G. Physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of carbonate-hydroxyapatite concretions of the human pineal gland.. Journal of inorganic biochemistry. 1993-02-15, 49 (3): 209–20 [2020-01-13]. PMID 8381851. doi:10.1016/0162-0134(93)80006-u. （原始内容存档于2020-01-13）.

[7] [7]
Baconnier, S; Lang, SB; Polomska, M; Hilczer, B; Berkovic, G; Meshulam, G. Calcite microcrystals in the pineal gland of the human brain: first physical and chemical studies.. Bioelectromagnetics. 2002-10, 23 (7): 488–95 [2020-01-13]. PMID 12224052. doi:10.1002/bem.10053. （原始内容存档于2020-01-13）.

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脑砂

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脑砂

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