纽约征兵暴动(New York City draft riots)发生于1863年南北战争期间。7月13日,不满征兵制的许多美国纽约爱尔兰裔工人,集体攻击北方政府的征兵机构,主要理由是征兵制度中,富人缴交300美金免于当兵之理由。另外,暴动主因也是大量解放后的黑人抢夺劳工市场。该暴动后来演变攻击黑人商店的大型暴动,期间约持续4天,才被军警镇压。
Quick Facts New York City draft riots 纽约征兵暴动, 日期 ...
New York City draft riots 纽约征兵暴动 |
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暴民与军队的冲突场面 |
日期 | 1863年7月13日-16日 |
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地点 | |
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起因 | 美国内战爆发期间不满国家的不平等征兵 |
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方法 | 示威、罢工、烧屋、暴动、砸店、攻打征兵总部、攻击黑人 |
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结果 | 暴动被军队镇压 |
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- 反征兵暴徒
- 邦联同情者
- 反废奴民众
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约120人死亡[1] |
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1861年4月,美国爆发内战,很快地约有10-25万纽约人在联合广场集结[2]。亚伯拉罕·林肯欲征召一支达7万5千人的志愿军,为联邦作战。在首十天内,纽约市共有8000人报名。[2]在1861年7月,第一次马纳沙斯之役使联邦军损失惨重,是次战役的战败使联邦军对战争前景越来越不乐观[2]。当时大部分纽约民主党人反对战争,其中部分人同情邦联军,认为双方进行谈判会较为有利[3],例如纽约州州长霍拉肖·西摩(Horatio Seymour)反对该战争。[4]
战争期间,联邦军出现了人手不足问题。1863年3月3日,美国国会通过了第一项征兵行动,授权总统能够征召18-35岁的公民参军,每一服役阶段期限为3年[5]。这行动使同情南军的人感到恐惧,因为这会壮大北军的实力,加上当时传出缴交300美金能免于服役[6],这令低收入的人民不满。同年7月11日,纽约市点名入伍一开始,大批白人涌上街头,攻打征兵总部,烧毁房屋,正式揭开暴动的序幕。[5]
7月13日,盖茨堡战役胜利后的十天,500名暴徒展开了对政府的攻击,破坏属于市政府的建筑物。同时,在纽约市,白人劳工对于解放后的南方黑人进入劳工市场的不满,而且许多雇主雇用黑人破坏罢工,又有嫉恨,于是便砸毁无辜的黑人家庭和商店,使反征兵暴动演变成攻击黑人商店的大型暴动。暴动变得一发不可收拾,纵使州长曾发表演说,欲使局势稳定下来,但无功而回,最后迫使政府需要动用军警镇压,使暴动才在7月16日结束。
目前为止并无一个确实数字证实死于暴动中的人数,但根据史学家James M. McPherson所说,最少120人死于暴动之中[7],估计2000人受伤,损失约一百万美元[8],五十幢建筑物被烧毁。历史学家撒母耳·摩礼逊(Samuel Morison)写道,认为该暴动是邦联军的胜利[8]。8月19日,征兵又继续了,纵使征兵持续了十天,人民仍然并没有更进一步的行动。最后,全国共有75万人被征召,但当中只有4万5千人是自愿的。[9]
McPherson, James M Oral by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction 399
Ellis, Edward Robb. The Epic of New York City. Old Town Books. 1966: p. 296.
Ellis, Edward Robb. The Epic of New York City. Old Town Books. 1966: p. 297.
Lardner, James, and Thomas Reppetto. NYPD: A City and Its Police. Owl Books. 2000: p. 43.
McPherson, James M Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction 399
Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Oxford History of the American People: Volume Two: 1789 Through Reconstruction. Signet. 1972: 451. ISBN 0451622545.
David Donald, Civil War and Reconstruction (2002) 229
- Bernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press. 1990. ISBN 0198021712.
- Cook, Adrian. The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. University Press of Kentucky. 1974 [2020-12-14]. ISBN 9780813112985. (原始内容存档于2021-04-13).
- Fry, James Barnet. New York and the Conscription of 1863. G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1885.
- Headley, Joel Tyler (1873). The Great Riots of New York, 1712 to 1863 – including and full and complete account of the Four Days' Draft Riot of 1863. E.B. Treat (publisher), stereotyped at the Women's Printing House
- McCabe, James Dabney. The Life and Public Services of Horatio Seymour. Oxford University Press. 1868.
horatio seymour.
- McPherson, James M., Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982, ISBN 978-0-394-52469-6
- Rumsey, David. Map Of New York and Vicinity (1863) 1863. Matthew Dripps. [July 20, 2007]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-27).
- Schecter, Barnet. The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2005. ISBN 080271837X.
- Schecter, Barnet. The Civil War Draft Riots. North & South (Civil War Society). 2007, 10 (1): 72.
- Dupree, A. Hunter and Leslie H. Fishel, Jr. "An Eyewitness Account of the New York Draft Riots, July, 1863", Mississippi Valley Historical Review vol. 47, no. 3 (December 1960), pp. 472–79. In JSTOR (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- United States War and Navy Departments. Official Records of the American Civil War, volume xxvii, part ii. 1889.
- Walling, George W. Recollections of a New York Chief of Police, Chapter 6. 1887.
- New York Evangelist (1830–1902); July 23, 1863; pp. 30, 33; APS Online, pg. 4.
- Report of the Committee of merchants for the relief of colored people, suffering from the late riots in the city of New York. New York: G. A. Whitehorne, 1863, African American Pamphlet Collection, Library of Congress.
- New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), New York Historical Society, (November 17, 2006 – September 3, 2007, physical exhibit)
- "New York Draft Riots" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 2002, source Civil War Society's Civil War Encyclopedia, Civil War Home website
- "New York Draft Riots" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), First Edition Harper's News Report, sonofthesouth.net
- "1863 New York City Draft Riots", mrlincolnandnewyork.org
- Bill Bigelow, "The Draft Riot Mystery" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 9-page lesson plan for High School Students, 2012, Zinn Education Project/Teaching for Change