约尼

约尼（梵语：योनि，IAST：yoni；又称瑜尼、优尼、尤尼），是印度教女神夏克提的抽象或非偶像崇拜代表。^[1]^[2] 它通常被与林伽一起展示^[1]^[3]，它们一起象征着微观宇宙和宏观宇宙的融合^[3]，创造和再生的神圣永恒过程，以及重建全部存在的女性和男性的结合。^[2]^[4] 约尼被概念化为自然中全部诞生的门户，特别是在Kaula和Tantra实践中，以及印度教的沙克提派和湿婆教传统中。^[5]

约尼和林伽图示有圆形和方形两种基本形式。约尼是神圣女性生殖能量的象征。

约尼是一个梵语单词，字面意思是“子宫”^[4]^[6]，“源头”^[7]，以及女性的生殖器官^[8]^[9]。它也意味着女性性器官，例如“阴道”^[2]，“女阴”^[10]^[11]，和“子宫”^[12]^[13]，或在其他脉络下任何事物的“起源，居所或来源”。^[14]^[2] 例如，吠檀多文本《梵天经》（Brahma Sutras）将形而上学概念“梵”比喻为“宇宙的约尼”。^[15] 在印度次大陆和东南亚的湿婆神殿和考古遗址^[16]^[17]^[18]以及 Lajja Gauri ^[19]等雕塑中，都发现有约尼与林伽的图像。

约尼按摩

[1]
Dasgupta, Rohit. Kimmel, Michael; Christine Milrod; Amanda Kennedy , 编. Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis. Rowman & Littlefield. 26 September 2014: 107. ISBN 978-0-7591-2314-4.
[2]
Doniger, Wendy; Stefon, Matt. Yoni (Hinduism). Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 24 December 2014 [22 May 2021]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-01）. 已忽略未知参数|orig-date= (帮助)
[3]
Beltz, Johannes. The Dancing Shiva: South Indian Processional Bronze, Museum Artwork, and Universal Icon. Journal of Religion in Europe (Brill Academic Publishers). 2011-03-01, 4 (1): 204–222. S2CID 143631560. doi:10.1163/187489210x553566.
[4]
Lochtefeld, James G. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2001: 784. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.
[5]
Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. Yoni. Melton, J. Gordon (编). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions 1st. New York: Facts On File: 260–261, 515–517. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. LCCN 2006044419. OCLC 255783694.
[6]
Indradeva, Shrirama. Correspondence between Woman and Nature in Indian Thought. Philosophy East and West. 1966, 16 (3/4): 161–168. JSTOR 1397538. doi:10.2307/1397538., Quote: "Nature is my yoni (womb), [...]"
[7]
Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-3067-7.
[8]
Adams, Douglas Q. Studies in Tocharian Vocabulary IV: A Quartet of Words from a Tocharian B Magic Text. Journal of the American Oriental Society (JSTOR). 1986, 106 (2): 339–341. JSTOR 601599. doi:10.2307/601599., Quote: "Yoni- 'womb, vulva', Yoni- "way, abode' is from a second PIE root [...]"; Indradeva, Shrirama. Correspondence between Woman and Nature in Indian Thought. Philosophy East and West (JSTOR). 1966, 16 (3/4): 161–168. JSTOR 1397538. doi:10.2307/1397538.
[9]
Abhinavagupta. A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana. 由Jaideva Singh翻译. State University of New York Press. 1989: 122, 175. ISBN 978-0-7914-0180-4., Quote: "yoni or womb [...]" p. 122, "[...] in the female aspect, it is known as yoni or female organ of generation [...], p. 175"
[10]
Cheris Kramarae; Dale Spender. Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge. Routledge. 2004: 1840. ISBN 978-1-135-96315-6., Quote: "The sculpted image of the lingam usually stands erect in a shallow, circular basin that represents the yoni."
[11]
Medical literature from India, Sri Lanka, and Tibet. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1991. ISBN 90-04-09522-5. OCLC 24501435.
[12]
Louis Renou (1939), L'acception première du mot sanskrit yoni (chemin), Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, volume 40, number 2, pages 18-24
[13]
Gerd Carling. New look at the Tocharian B medical manuscript IOL Toch 306 (Stein Ch.00316. a2) of the British Library - Oriental and India Office Collections. Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 2003,. 116. Bd., 1. H. (1): 75–95. JSTOR 40849180., Quote: "[...] diseases of the yoni (uterus and vagina) [...]"; Shivanandaiah, TM; Indudhar, TM. Lajjalu treatment of uterine prolapse. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2010, 1 (2): 125–128. PMC 3151380 . PMID 21836800. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.65090 ., Quote: "[...] vaginal-uterine disorders (Yoni Vyapat) [...]"; Frueh, Joanna. Vaginal Aesthetics. Hypatia (Wiley). 2003, 18 (4): 137–158. S2CID 232180657. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2003.tb01416.x.
[14]
Monier-Williams, Monier. Yoni. Harvard University Archives: 858. （原始内容存档于3 March 2009）.
[15]
Klostermaier, Klaus K. A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Oneworld Publications. 1998: 214. ISBN 978-178074-6-722 （英语）.
[16]
Urban, Hugh B. The Power of Tantra: Religion, Sexuality and the Politics of South Asian Studies. I.B.Tauris. 2009: 2–11, 35–41. ISBN 978-0-85773-158-6.
[17]
Andrew Hardy; Mauro Cucarzi; Patrizia Zolese. Champa and the archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). Singapore: NUS Press. 2009. ISBN 978-9971-69-451-7. OCLC 246492836.
[18]
Lopez, Donald S. Religions of India in Practice. Princeton University Press. 1995: 304–307. ISBN 978-0-691-04324-1.
[19]
Bolon, Carol Radcliffe. Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Indian Art. Pennsylvania State University Press. 2010: 40–47, 54. ISBN 978-0-271-04369-2.

这是一篇与印度相关的小作品。您可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。

[dasgupta107-1] [1]
Dasgupta, Rohit. Kimmel, Michael; Christine Milrod; Amanda Kennedy , 编. Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis. Rowman & Littlefield. 26 September 2014: 107. ISBN 978-0-7591-2314-4.

[britannica-2] [2]
Doniger, Wendy; Stefon, Matt. Yoni (Hinduism). Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 24 December 2014 [22 May 2021]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-01）. 已忽略未知参数|orig-date= (帮助)

[Beltzp204-3] [3]
Beltz, Johannes. The Dancing Shiva: South Indian Processional Bronze, Museum Artwork, and Universal Icon. Journal of Religion in Europe (Brill Academic Publishers). 2011-03-01, 4 (1): 204–222. S2CID 143631560. doi:10.1163/187489210x553566.

[lochtefeld784-4] [4]
Lochtefeld, James G. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2001: 784. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.

[JonesRyan2006p516-5] [5]
Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. Yoni. Melton, J. Gordon (编). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions 1st. New York: Facts On File: 260–261, 515–517. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. LCCN 2006044419. OCLC 255783694.

[6] [6]
Indradeva, Shrirama. Correspondence between Woman and Nature in Indian Thought. Philosophy East and West. 1966, 16 (3/4): 161–168. JSTOR 1397538. doi:10.2307/1397538., Quote: "Nature is my yoni (womb), [...]"

[7] [7]
Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-3067-7.

[Adams1986p339-8] [8]
Adams, Douglas Q. Studies in Tocharian Vocabulary IV: A Quartet of Words from a Tocharian B Magic Text. Journal of the American Oriental Society (JSTOR). 1986, 106 (2): 339–341. JSTOR 601599. doi:10.2307/601599., Quote: "Yoni- 'womb, vulva', Yoni- "way, abode' is from a second PIE root [...]"; Indradeva, Shrirama. Correspondence between Woman and Nature in Indian Thought. Philosophy East and West (JSTOR). 1966, 16 (3/4): 161–168. JSTOR 1397538. doi:10.2307/1397538.

[9] [9]
Abhinavagupta. A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana. 由Jaideva Singh翻译. State University of New York Press. 1989: 122, 175. ISBN 978-0-7914-0180-4., Quote: "yoni or womb [...]" p. 122, "[...] in the female aspect, it is known as yoni or female organ of generation [...], p. 175"

[10] [10]
Cheris Kramarae; Dale Spender. Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge. Routledge. 2004: 1840. ISBN 978-1-135-96315-6., Quote: "The sculpted image of the lingam usually stands erect in a shallow, circular basin that represents the yoni."

[MeulenbeldLeslie1991p57-11] [11]
Medical literature from India, Sri Lanka, and Tibet. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1991. ISBN 90-04-09522-5. OCLC 24501435.

[renou-12] [12]
Louis Renou (1939), L'acception première du mot sanskrit yoni (chemin), Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, volume 40, number 2, pages 18-24

[13] [13]
Gerd Carling. New look at the Tocharian B medical manuscript IOL Toch 306 (Stein Ch.00316. a2) of the British Library - Oriental and India Office Collections. Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 2003,. 116. Bd., 1. H. (1): 75–95. JSTOR 40849180., Quote: "[...] diseases of the yoni (uterus and vagina) [...]"; Shivanandaiah, TM; Indudhar, TM. Lajjalu treatment of uterine prolapse. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2010, 1 (2): 125–128. PMC 3151380 . PMID 21836800. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.65090 ., Quote: "[...] vaginal-uterine disorders (Yoni Vyapat) [...]"; Frueh, Joanna. Vaginal Aesthetics. Hypatia (Wiley). 2003, 18 (4): 137–158. S2CID 232180657. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2003.tb01416.x.

[mmw858-14] [14]
Monier-Williams, Monier. Yoni. Harvard University Archives: 858. （原始内容存档于3 March 2009）.

[Klostermaier214-15] [15]
Klostermaier, Klaus K. A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Oneworld Publications. 1998: 214. ISBN 978-178074-6-722 （英语）.

[Urban2009p2-16] [16]
Urban, Hugh B. The Power of Tantra: Religion, Sexuality and the Politics of South Asian Studies. I.B.Tauris. 2009: 2–11, 35–41. ISBN 978-0-85773-158-6.

[hardy103-17] [17]
Andrew Hardy; Mauro Cucarzi; Patrizia Zolese. Champa and the archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). Singapore: NUS Press. 2009. ISBN 978-9971-69-451-7. OCLC 246492836.

[Lopez1995-18] [18]
Lopez, Donald S. Religions of India in Practice. Princeton University Press. 1995: 304–307. ISBN 978-0-691-04324-1.

[bolon1997p40-19] [19]
Bolon, Carol Radcliffe. Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Indian Art. Pennsylvania State University Press. 2010: 40–47, 54. ISBN 978-0-271-04369-2.

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