约尼

约尼（梵语：योनि，IAST：yoni；又称瑜尼、优尼、尤尼），是印度教女神夏克提的抽象或非偶像崇拜代表。^[1][2] 它通常被与林伽一起展示^[1][3]，它们一起象征着微观宇宙和宏观宇宙的融合^[3]，创造和再生的神圣永恒过程，以及重建全部存在的女性和男性的结合。^[2][4] 约尼被概念化为自然中全部诞生的门户，特别是在Kaula和Tantra实践中，以及印度教的沙克提派和湿婆教传统中。^[5]

约尼和林伽图示有圆形和方形两种基本形式。约尼是神圣女性生殖能量的象征。

约尼是一个梵语单词，字面意思是“子宫”^[4][6]，“源头”^[7]，以及女性的生殖器官^[8][9]。它也意味着女性性器官，例如“阴道”^[2]，“女阴”^[10][11]，和“子宫”^[12][13]，或在其他脉络下任何事物的“起源，居所或来源”。^[14][2] 例如，吠檀多文本《梵天经》（Brahma Sutras）将形而上学概念“梵”比喻为“宇宙的约尼”。^[15] 在印度次大陆和东南亚的湿婆神殿和考古遗址^[16][17][18]以及 Lajja Gauri ^[19]等雕塑中，都发现有约尼与林伽的图像。

参看

• 约尼按摩

参考资料

1. Dasgupta, Rohit. Kimmel, Michael; Christine Milrod; Amanda Kennedy , 编. Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis. Rowman & Littlefield. 26 September 2014: 107. ISBN 978-0-7591-2314-4.
2. Doniger, Wendy; Stefon, Matt. Yoni (Hinduism). Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 24 December 2014 [22 May 2021]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-01）. 已忽略未知参数|orig-date= (帮助)
3. Beltz, Johannes. The Dancing Shiva: South Indian Processional Bronze, Museum Artwork, and Universal Icon. Journal of Religion in Europe (Brill Academic Publishers). 2011-03-01, 4 (1): 204–222. S2CID 143631560. doi:10.1163/187489210x553566.
4. Lochtefeld, James G. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2001: 784. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.
5. Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. Yoni. Melton, J. Gordon (编). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions 1st. New York: Facts On File: 260–261, 515–517. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. LCCN 2006044419. OCLC 255783694.
6. Indradeva, Shrirama. Correspondence between Woman and Nature in Indian Thought. Philosophy East and West. 1966, 16 (3/4): 161–168. JSTOR 1397538. doi:10.2307/1397538., Quote: "Nature is my yoni (womb), [...]"
7. Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-3067-7.
8. Adams, Douglas Q. Studies in Tocharian Vocabulary IV: A Quartet of Words from a Tocharian B Magic Text. Journal of the American Oriental Society (JSTOR). 1986, 106 (2): 339–341. JSTOR 601599. doi:10.2307/601599., Quote: "Yoni- 'womb, vulva', Yoni- "way, abode' is from a second PIE root [...]"; Indradeva, Shrirama. Correspondence between Woman and Nature in Indian Thought. Philosophy East and West (JSTOR). 1966, 16 (3/4): 161–168. JSTOR 1397538. doi:10.2307/1397538.
9. Abhinavagupta. A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana. 由Jaideva Singh翻译. State University of New York Press. 1989: 122, 175. ISBN 978-0-7914-0180-4., Quote: "yoni or womb [...]" p. 122, "[...] in the female aspect, it is known as yoni or female organ of generation [...], p. 175"
10. Cheris Kramarae; Dale Spender. Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge. Routledge. 2004: 1840. ISBN 978-1-135-96315-6., Quote: "The sculpted image of the lingam usually stands erect in a shallow, circular basin that represents the yoni."
11. Medical literature from India, Sri Lanka, and Tibet. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1991. ISBN 90-04-09522-5. OCLC 24501435.
12. Louis Renou (1939), L'acception première du mot sanskrit yoni (chemin), Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, volume 40, number 2, pages 18-24
13. Gerd Carling. New look at the Tocharian B medical manuscript IOL Toch 306 (Stein Ch.00316. a2) of the British Library - Oriental and India Office Collections. Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 2003,. 116. Bd., 1. H. (1): 75–95. JSTOR 40849180., Quote: "[...] diseases of the yoni (uterus and vagina) [...]"; Shivanandaiah, TM; Indudhar, TM. Lajjalu treatment of uterine prolapse. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2010, 1 (2): 125–128. PMC 3151380 . PMID 21836800. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.65090 ., Quote: "[...] vaginal-uterine disorders (Yoni Vyapat) [...]"; Frueh, Joanna. Vaginal Aesthetics. Hypatia (Wiley). 2003, 18 (4): 137–158. S2CID 232180657. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2003.tb01416.x.
14. Monier-Williams, Monier. Yoni. Harvard University Archives: 858. （原始内容存档于3 March 2009）.
15. Klostermaier, Klaus K. A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Oneworld Publications. 1998: 214. ISBN 978-178074-6-722 （英语）.
16. Urban, Hugh B. The Power of Tantra: Religion, Sexuality and the Politics of South Asian Studies. I.B.Tauris. 2009: 2–11, 35–41. ISBN 978-0-85773-158-6.
17. Andrew Hardy; Mauro Cucarzi; Patrizia Zolese. Champa and the archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). Singapore: NUS Press. 2009. ISBN 978-9971-69-451-7. OCLC 246492836.
18. Lopez, Donald S. Religions of India in Practice. Princeton University Press. 1995: 304–307. ISBN 978-0-691-04324-1. 含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)
19. Bolon, Carol Radcliffe. Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Indian Art. Pennsylvania State University Press. 2010: 40–47, 54. ISBN 978-0-271-04369-2.