班公错(英文:Pangong Tso),或称班公湖,藏语名哥木克哥那喇令错或错木昂拉仁波(藏语:མཚོ་མོ་ངང་ལྷ་རིང་པོ།,威利转写:mtsho mo ngang lha ring po,THL:Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo),清朝译潘光湖,是青藏高原西部的一座湖泊,位于中国西藏阿里地区日土县和印度拉达克中央直辖区列城县之间,中国和印度对该湖中部归属有争议,2021年的冲突后,印度和中国已完成从有争议的喜马拉雅山边界部分地区的撤军,[1]班公湖归属维持原状。
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班公错属构造性湖泊,东西狭长,约延伸143公里,南北最宽处5公里,总面积604平方公里。该湖湖面平均海拔4241米,属内流湖,流域面积28714平方公里。由三个狭长形小湖组成,其间有沟通水道。湖最深处约57米。湖水清澈,透明度3至4米。每年结冰期6个月。该湖东部水质为淡水,西部为咸水。湖中盛产裂腹鱼。[2][3]
历史上,该湖被视为五个由河道链接的小湖泊,班公错这个名字只指最西边一半在印度的其五之一。 从西向东这些湖泊的名称分别为:[4][5][6]Pangong Tso(班公错)、Tso Nyak、Rum Tso双湖(胡惟德译:杂尔木湖[6])、Nyak Tso(胡惟德译:诺和湖[6])。整个湖群被藏语称为前述的“错木昂拉仁波”。
班公错来自印度的藏人拉达克语[来源请求],意思是“高草原湖”[7]。错木昂拉仁波是藏语,各资料有相异但类似的解释--明媚而狭长的湖[3]、长脖天鹅湖[8]、长颈仙鹤湖[2]。
班公错清朝译潘光湖,错木昂拉仁波清朝译索莫南列伊尔湖。[9]
中国和印度边境争议始终是两国关系的雷区。两国拥有边界大约2000公里,有总面积超过12万平方公里区域存在领土争议,涉及西段、中段和东段三个部分。
其中,东段争议主要是中方认可的传统习惯分界线与中方不承认的、由英属印度与西藏所划的“麦克马洪线”。这一争议领土面积为9万平方公里,基本由印度控制。
中段主要为锡金地区,中方认为争议领土约2100平方公里,目前全部为印度实际控制。2021年发生的洞朗对峙就发生在这里。[1][失效链接]
存档副本. [2022-12-17]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-17).
斯文·赫定. Scientific Results of a Journey in Central Asia 1899-1902: Central and West Tibet. Lithographic institute of the General staff of the Swedish army. 1907: 521 [2020-01-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-27). From Noh to Bal Rawling followed the same route that I did along the northern shore of the Tso-ngombo, which he calls the Tso Mo Gualari, dividing it into the sections ›Tso Nyak, the twin lakes Rum Tso and Nyak Tso.› He says that it consists of a string of five lakes 120 m. in length, the four most southern of which are fresh, and Pangong, the most northerly, salt. They are joined together by channels about 60 feet in width and 15 feet deep, the current running at nearly 1½ mile an hour.
Routes in Asia: Routes in the territories of the Maharaja of Jummoo and Kashmir, and adjacent countries. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. 1878: 31–33 [2020-01-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-27). Only the lower lake (the Pangong Tso proper) lies in Ladak, the middle (Tso Nyak) and upper lakes being in Rudok territory. ... The waters of the western end are much more salt than those of the eastern end near Ot. in the stream connecting the Pangong Tso with Nyak Tso the water becomes drinkable, and rich grass is found on the banks.
Pangong Lake. 拉达克政府. 2019-10-29 [9 January 2020]. Pangong Lake, one of the most famous lakes in Leh Ladakh, derives its name from the Tibetan word, “Pangong Tso”, which means “high grassland lake”.
- 王明达, 侯居峙, 类延斌. 青藏高原不同类型湖泊温度季节性变化及其分类. 科学通报, 2014, 59(31): 3095-3103
- Bhat, F., et al., Ecology and biodiversity in Pangong Tso (lake) and its inlet stream in Ladakh, India. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 2011. 3(10): p. 501-511