淡足鹱

淡足鹱（台湾作肉足水薙鸟）（学名：Ardenna carneipes），以前称为 Puffinus carneipes 是一种中等大小的鹱. 它的羽毛是黑色的。有淡粉色的脚，和一个淡色的喙，喙端有明显的黑色尖端。

淡足鹱
保护状况
近危（IUCN 3.1）[1]
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	鸟纲 Aves
目：	鹱形目 Procellariiformes
科：	鹱科 Procellariidae
属：	水薙鸟属 Ardenna
种：	淡足鹱 A. carneipes
双名法
Ardenna carneipes Gould, 1844

与同样淡色喙的粉足鹱一起，形成Hemipuffinus超种，或许与大西洋的灰水薙鸟有近亲关系。^[2][3]这些大型鹱是那些被分类到水薙鸟属（Ardenna）的鸟类之一。^[4]

最近的基因分析表明，相对于南澳和西澳的鹱，与在太平洋的鹱之间有强烈的分化证据，这被认为是由于繁殖季节期间的归巢性和觅食策略的差异所导致的。^[5]

Ardenna carneipes

2021年发表的一项分子系统发生学研究发现肉足鹱和粉足鹱（Ardenna creatopus）之间几乎没有基因差异。该研究的作者建议这两个分类群可能更适合作为同种来考虑。^[6]

特征

淡足鹱体重约609克，翼长约310.2毫米，嘴峰长约47.8毫米，喙宽度约8.9毫米，喙厚度约12.1毫米，跗跖长约52.1毫米，尾长约110.2毫米。淡足鹱是候鸟，其栖息在开放的海洋及海岛环境中，食性为肉食性，主要食物来源是水生动物。^[7]

分布

南印度洋和西南太平洋；越冬于阿拉伯海和西北太平洋。^[8]

肉足鹱在群体中繁殖，并有两个主要的繁殖区域；一个在西南太平洋包括豪勋爵岛（22,654对^[9]，南澳（约1,800对在两个岛上繁殖^[10]和新西兰北部（13,000对^[11]；另一个群体包括不超过36,000对在从卢恩角到里歇什群岛沿西澳海岸的42个岛屿上繁殖。^[12]

另外有500对在印度洋的圣保罗岛繁殖。记录显示在阿拉伯海的巴基斯坦阿斯托拉岛上也有发现，但未被证实。最近的证据显示该物种的种群在其大部分范围内正在下降。^{[13][14][15][16][17][18]}该物种最近在澳大利亚被列为近危^[19]，在新西兰被列为国家易危，^[20]并建议列入《保护信天翁和鹱类协议》。^[21] 在澳洲各省，该物种在西澳^[22]和新南威尔士被列为易危，在南澳被列为稀有。

该物种作为（北方）夏季访客出现在北太平洋，^[23]在渔捞过程中可能有大量被误捕。^[24][25]该物种还受到气候相关影响^[26]和显著的重金属污染的影响，其原因尚不完全清楚，但很可能是由于摄入大量塑胶导致，鸟类会将其误认为漂浮在海面上的食物。^[27][28][29]

参考文献

• 淡足鹱 Puffinus carneipes Gould, 1844. 台湾物种名录. 台湾: 中央研究院生物多样性研究中心. [2013-01-24] （中文（台湾））.

1. BirdLife International. Ardenna carneipes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019, 2019: e.T22698188A155469189 [11 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22698188A155469189.en .
2. Austin, J.J. (1996) Molecular phylogenetics of Puffinus shearwaters: preliminary evidence from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6, 77-88
3. Austin, J.J., Bretagnolle, V., Pasquet, E., 2004. A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little–Audubon's Shearwater complex. Auk 121: 847–864
4. Penhallurick, J., and Wink, M. (2004) Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Emu 104: 125-147
5. Lombal, Anicee J.; Wenner, Theodore J.; Lavers, Jennifer L.; Austin, Jeremy J.; Woehler, Eric J.; Hutton, Ian; Burridge, Christopher P. Genetic divergence between colonies of Flesh-footed Shearwater Ardenna carneipes exhibiting different foraging strategies. Conservation Genetics. February 2018, 19 (1): 27–41. ISSN 1566-0621. S2CID 203717. doi:10.1007/s10592-017-0994-y.
6. Ferrer Obiol, J.; James, H.F.; Chesser, R.T.; Bretagnolle, V.; González-Solís, J.; Rozas, J.; Welch, A.J.; Riutort, M. Palaeoceanographic changes in the late Pliocene promoted rapid diversification in pelagic seabirds. Journal of Biogeography. 2022, 49 (1): 171–188. doi:10.1111/jbi.14291 . hdl:2445/193747 .
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9. Lavers, Jennifer L.; Hutton, Ian; Bond, Alexander L. Changes in technology and imperfect detection of nest contents impedes reliable estimates of population trends in burrowing seabirds. Global Ecology and Conservation. January 2019, 17: e00579. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00579 . hdl:10141/622450 .
10. Lavers J. 2014. Population status and threats to Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in South and Western Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu164
11. Waugh, S. M., Tennyson, A., Taylor, G., and Wilson, K.-J. 2013. Population sizes of shearwaters (Puffinus spp.) breeding in New Zealand, with recommendations for monitoring. Tuhinga, 24: 159–204.
12. Lavers J. 2014. Population status and threats to Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in South and Western Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu164
13. Reid T, Hindell M, Lavers JL, Wilcox C (2013) Re-examining mortality sources and population trends in a declining seabird: using Bayesian methods to incorporate existing information and new data. PLoS One 8:e58230
14. Waugh SM, Tennyson A, Taylor G, Wilson K-J (2013) Population sizes of shearwaters (Puffinus spp.) breeding in New Zealand, with recommendations for monitoring. Tuhinga 24:159-204
15. Priddel D, Carlile N, Fullagar P, Hutton I, O'Neill L (2006) Decline in the distribution and abundance of Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) on Lord Howe Island, Australia. Biological Conservation 128:412-424
16. Waugh, S.M., Tennyson, A., Taylor, G., and Wilson, K.-J. (2013) Population sizes of shearwaters (Puffinus spp.) breeding in New Zealand, with recommendations for monitoring. Tuhinga 24: 159-204
17. Lavers J. 2014. Population status and threats to Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in South and Western Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu164
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21. Cooper J, Baker GB, 2008. Identifying candidate species for inclusion within the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels. Marine Ornithology 36: 1-8.
22. DPaW, 2015. Wildlife conservation (specially protected fauna) notice 2015, Government gazette of Western Australia. Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth
23. Bond AL and Lavers JL. 2015. Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean: a summary and synthesis of records from Canada and Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 129: 263-267
24. Reid T, Tuck GN, Hindell MA, Thalmann S, Phillips RA, Wilcox C (2013) Nonbreeding distribution of Flesh-footed Shearwaters and the potential for overlap with north Pacific fisheries. Biological Conservation 166:3-10
25. Lavers JL, Bond AL, Van Wilgenburg SL, and Hobson KA. 2013. Linking at-sea mortality of a pelagic shearwater to breeding colonies of origin using biogeochemical markers. Marine Ecology Progress Series 491:265-275
26. Bond AL, Lavers JL (2014) Climate change alters the trophic niche of a declining apex marine predator. Global Change Biology 20: 2100-2107
27. Bond AL, Lavers JL (2011) Trace element concentrations in feathers of Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) from across their breeding range. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61:318-326
28. Lavers JL, Bond AL, Hutton I (2014) Plastic ingestion by Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes): implications for fledgling body condition and the accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals. Environmental Pollution 187: 124-129
29. Hutton I, Carlile N, Priddel D, 2008. Plastic ingestion by Flesh-footed Shearwaters, Puffinus carneipes, and Wedge-tailed Shearwaters, Puffinus pacificus. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania