淡紫拟青霉菌

淡紫拟青霉菌（学名：Purpureocillium lilacinum）又称淡紫紫孢菌^[3]，是线虫草科紫孢霉属的一种真菌^[4]，已自土壤、沉积物、污泥、昆虫与线虫样本中采得，在摄氏8－38度的温度下皆可生长，其中以26－30度较佳，且对pH值与生长基质的耐受范围也相当广^[5][6]。本种因可感染线虫而被用于对抗线虫虫害的生物防治剂。

淡紫拟青霉菌
淡紫拟青霉菌的分生孢子
科学分类
界：	真菌界 Fungi
门：	子囊菌门 Ascomycota
纲：	粪壳菌纲 Sordariomycetes
目：	肉座菌目 Hypocreales
科：	线虫草科 Ophiocordycipitaceae
属：	紫孢霉属 Purpureocillium
种：	淡紫拟青霉菌 P. lilacinum
二名法
Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Hou- braken, Hywel-Jones & Samson (2011)
异名[2]
Paecillium Luangsa-ard, Hywel-Jones & Samson nom. prov. (2007)[1] Penicillium lilacinum Thom (1910) Penicillium amethystinum Wehmer (1923) Spicaria rubidopurpurea Aoki (1941) Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom（英语：Charles Thom）) Samson (1974)

分类

淡紫拟青霉菌于1910年由美国真菌学家查尔斯·索姆（英语：Charles Thom）发表描述，当时被归入青霉属中，学名为Penicillium lilacinum^[7]。1974年Robert A. Samson将其改归入拟青霉属（Paecilomyces）^[5]。2000年代的研究发现拟青霉属非单系群^[8][9]，后有学者发表新属紫孢霉属（Purpureocillium）并将本种分入其中，属名意指“紫色的孢子”，得名自该属真菌紫色的分生孢子^[10]，本种的分生孢子呈椭圆形至梭形，由菌丝末端的特化结构瓶梗产生，分散排列成链状结构，表面光滑至稍微粗糙，尚未观察到厚垣孢子；菌丝为透明，宽2.5－4微米^[5]。

感染线虫

淡紫拟青霉菌可感染多种线虫，图为根结线虫

1966年即有研究发现淡紫拟青霉菌可感染线虫的卵^[11]，其菌丝在线虫卵的表面上生长后可形成附着器（菌丝尖端的膨大特化结构），进而穿透卵壳、杀死线虫、并产生更多的分生孢子以继续感染周围的卵。目前淡紫拟青霉菌已自多种线虫与多个地区的土壤样本中被发现^[12][13]。本种可用于生物防治以对抗线虫的虫害，秘鲁已有数个野外试验成功使用本种抑制线虫虫害^[14]，当地的品系进而被送至世界各地不同气候、作物的环境下进行测试^[15]，各品系感染线虫的毒力不同，有些品系在虽实验室测试中取得成功，但实际应用上效果不彰^[16]。

致病

淡紫拟青霉菌在少数情况下可感染人类致病^[17][18]，大多数患者为免疫缺乏者或体内留置医疗器具（如人工晶状体）者^[19][20]，有研究显示本种可能为感染免疫缺乏与免疫正常者的新兴病原^[21][22]。

参考文献

• 真菌主题

1. Domsch KH, Gams W, Anderson TH (编). Compendium of Soil Fungi 2nd. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. 2007: 322. ISBN 978-3-9803083-8-0.
2. Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson 1974. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. [2011-07-17].
3. 王毅、王娟、王四海、李云琴、原晓龙、陈中华. 蒜头果的内生真菌多样性分析. 基因组学与应用生物学. 2018, 9 [2022-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-17）.
4. Spatafora; et al. New 1F1N Species Combinations in Ophiocordycipitaceae (Hypocreales). IMA Fungus. 2015, 6 (2): 357–362. PMC 4681259 . PMID 26734546. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.02.07.
5. Samson RA. Paecilomyces and some allied hyphomycetes. Studies in Mycology. 1974, 6: 58.
6. Anderson TH, Domsch KH, Gams W. Compendium of Soil Fungi. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. 1995. ISBN 978-3-9803083-8-0.
7. Thom C. Cultural studies of species of penicillium. Bulletin of the Bureau of Animal Industry US Department of Agriculture. 1910, 118: 73.
8. Inglis PW, Tigano MS. Identification and taxonomy of some entomopathogenic Paecilomyces spp. (Ascomycota) isolates using rDNA-ITS Sequences (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2006, 29 (1): 132–6 [2022-07-17]. doi:10.1590/s1415-47572006000100025 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-09-24）.
9. Sung GH, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung JM, Luangsa-ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW. Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi. Studies in Mycology. 2007, 57 (1): 5–59. PMC 2104736 . PMID 18490993. doi:10.3114/sim.2007.57.01.
10. Luangsa-Ard J, Houbraken J, van Doorn T, Hong SB, Borman AM, Hywel-Jones NL, Samson RA. Purpureocillium, a new genus for the medically important Paecilomyces lilacinus. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2011, 321 (2): 141–9. PMID 21631575. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02322.x .
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12. Stirling, GR. Biological Control of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. UK: CABI Publishing. 1991: 282.
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14. Jatala P, Kaltenbach R, Bocangel M. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita acrita and Globodera pallida on potatoes. Journal of Nematology. 1979, 11: 303.
15. Jatala P. Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 1986, 24: 453–89. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.002321.
16. Gomes Carniero RMD, Cayrol J. Relationship between inoculum density of the nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus and control of Meloidogyne arenaria on tomato. Revue de Nématologie. 1991, 14 (4): 629–34.
17. Saberhagen C, Klotz SA, Bartholomew W, Drews D, Dixon A. Infection due to Paecilomyces lilacinus: a challenging clinical identification. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1997, 25 (6): 1411–3. PMID 9431388. doi:10.1086/516136.
18. Westenfeld F, Alston WK, Winn WC. Complicated soft tissue infection with prepatellar bursitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus in an immunocompetent host: case report and review. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996, 34 (6): 1559–62. PMC 229063 . PMID 8735119. doi:10.1128/JCM.34.6.1559-1562.1996.
19. O'Day DM. Fungal endophthalmitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus after intraocular lens implantation. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1977, 83 (1): 130–1. PMID 299984. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(77)90206-9.
20. Pettit TH, Olson RJ, Foos RY, Martin WJ. Fungal endophthalmitis following intraocular lens implantation. A surgical epidemic. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1980, 98 (6): 1025–39. PMID 7190003. doi:10.1001/archopht.1980.01020031015002.
21. Safdar A. Progressive cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis due to Paecilomyces lilacinus: rapid response to treatment with caspofungin and itraconazole. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2002, 34 (10): 1415–7. PMID 11981740. doi:10.1086/340260 .
22. Carey J, D’Amico R, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG. Paecilomyces lilacinus vaginitis in an immunocompetent patient.. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 [2022-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2009-11-05）.