沙龙(salon)一词最早出现于1664年的法国(来自意大利语salone,这个意大利词则来自sala,即意大利豪宅中的待客厅)。在这之前的文艺聚会通常也是以所用的房间来命名,例如内阁(cabinet)、陋室(réduit)和小巷(ruelle)等。[1] 在十七世纪末,这些聚会一般会在卧室中举行(被看做是一种私人会客厅),[2]通常情况是一位女士斜倚在床上,她的女友人们围坐在四周的椅子上。不过像法王路易十四的petit lever中,客人全部都站着。小巷(ruelle)指床和墙之间的空间,这个词一般来形容“矫揉造作的女子(法语:précieuses)”的集会,这种集会出现在十七世纪上半叶受过教育的女子中。法国第一个著名沙龙是卢浮宫近处的朗布依埃府(英语:Hôtel de Rambouillet),其女主人朗布依埃侯爵夫人(英语:Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet)(1588-1665)从1607年开始一直举办沙龙直到去世。[3][4]沙龙的很多规则也是由她一手制定的。
当时的文献指出沙龙的主导理念是理想主义式的礼貌、优雅和诚实,但很可能实际情况并非如此。[7][8]德娜·古德曼宣称相对作为一个“礼仪学校”(schools of civilité)来说,沙龙更是一个哲学团体,因此才推动了启蒙运动的发展。[9]礼仪的重要性只是被放在第二位。[10]
沙龙的鼎盛年代被称作“谈话时代”(age of conversation)。[11]沙龙中谈论的主题分为谈起来“礼貌”或“不礼貌”两种,沙龙的主人也被认为需要拥有缓和气氛的能力,不过所谓“礼貌”却没什么正式定义。马塞尔·普鲁斯特认为政治是一定要避开的话题。[12]但也有小部分人认为除了政府别的什么都不应该谈及。[13]
在德娜·古德曼的《文学界》(The Republic of Letters)中,作者宣称“公共领域就是由沙龙、新闻界和其他社交组织构成的”。[17]该著作也进一步强调了沙龙在法国历史和启蒙运动中的重要性,这个观点自从1994年《文学界》出版以来就一直占据主流地位。[18]不过也有人认为古德曼的著作“很显然只是为了支持(哈贝马斯的)论文”,而不是去验证它。[19]
相应的反对观点来自诺博特·伊里亚思,他在《风俗史》(The History of Manners)一书中认为沙龙的重要元素——礼貌、优雅和诚实,“都是些同义词,不论广义狭义,不过是一些人为自己的行为选定的标准”。[20]琼·兰德斯(Joan Landes)也说“在某种程度上,沙龙只是制度化的宫廷的衍生物”,而不是公共领域的一部分。[21][22]其他人,例如史蒂文·凯尔宣称私人或公共领域的概念都与沙龙有重叠。[23][24]
一些历史学家试图把目光放在单个的女性身上,不过直到1970年,这些历史学家的著作大多都是关于这些沙龙主人的个人故事。[29]在二十世纪末,随着女权主义研究的进步,关于沙龙主人们的社会重要性的研究才逐渐多起来。[30]关于启蒙运动的一般性著作例如,《启蒙运动在法国》(France in the Enlightenment)倾向于认为女性的统治地位只局限于沙龙内部。[31]不过古德曼却不这么认为。[32] 她也曾说:“沙龙主人不是想挤到上流社会里,这些聪明的、受过教育的女子是通过吸收接纳文学界的价值观,并按自己的社会知识和教育需要将其用于塑造沙龙”。[33][34]
在十八世纪的英格兰,最著名沙龙主人是伊丽莎白·蒙塔古,“蓝袜子”(Bluestocking)一词就诞生自她的沙龙中,也是她本人成立了蓝袜社。十九世纪为避1848年革命而躲到伦敦的俄罗斯梅里男爵夫人(Baroness Méry von Bruiningk)的沙龙也很有名。1860年代,女权主义者克莱门蒂亚·泰勒在伦敦也举办过激进的沙龙,参加她沙龙的人有[39]露意莎·奥尔柯特、[40]芭芭拉·博迪肯、莉蒂亚·贝克尔和伊丽莎白·布莱克威尔[41]。
Kale,Steven.French Salons : High Society and Political Sociability from the Old Regime to the revolution of 1848. Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. p.2
Lenotre, G. Le Château de Rambouillet, six siècles d'Histoire, Calmann-Lévy, Paris, 1930. New publication, Denoël, Paris, 1984, chapter: Les précieuses, pp. 20-21
Steven Kale, French Salons: High Society and Political Sociability from the Old Regime to the Revolution of 1848 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006) p. 9
Dena Goodman, 'Enlightenment Salons: The Convergence of Female and Philosophic Ambitions' Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 22, No. 3, Special Issue: The French Revolution in Culture (Spring, 1989), pp. 330
Jürgen Habermas (trans. Thomas Burger), The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Camb., Mass.: MIT Press, 1989).
Joan B. Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988); Goodman, The Republic of Letters; Erica Harth, Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992).
Antoine Lilti, ‘Sociabilité et mondanité: Les hommes de lettres dans les salons parisiens au XVIIIe siècle’ French Historical Studies, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Summer 2005), p. 417.
S. G. Tallentyre, Women of the Salons (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1926) and Julia Kavanagh, Women in France during the Enlightenment Century, 2 Vols (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1893).
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Kale,Steven.French Salons : High Society and Political Sociability from the Old Regime to the revolution of 1848. Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press,2004. p.2
Goodman,Dena.Enlightenment salons: The Convergence of Female and Philosophic Ambitions. Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 22. 3, Special issue : The French Revolution in Culture. ( Spring, 1989),p.331
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Kale, Steven, French Salons: High Society and Political Sociability from the Old Regime to the Revolution of 1848 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006)
Habermas, Jürgen, (trans. Thomas Burger), The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Camb., Mass.: MIT Press, 1989)
Harth, Erica, Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992).
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Lilti, Antoine, Sociabilité et mondanité: Les hommes de lettres dans les salons parisiens au XVIIIe siècle, French Historical Studies, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Summer 2005), p. 415-445
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