民族宗教

民族宗教在宗教学中是指和特定民族相关的宗教信仰，例如犹太人信仰的犹太教^[2]、伊朗人信仰的祆教、印度人信仰的印度教^[3]、旁遮普人的锡克教^[4] ^[5]^[6]、日本人的神道、凯尔特人的凯尔特宗教（英语：ancient Celtic religion）、中国人的道教、古希腊人的希腊宗教等。

Thumb — 日本京都伏见稻荷大社的祭坛。神道信仰被视为日本人的民族宗教^[1]

民族宗教的概念和“普世宗教”相对，即不受民族身份限制的宗教，如基督宗教、伊斯兰教、佛教等^[7]。

民族宗教和特定的民族相关联，常常是民族身份认同的一部分，起到维系群体凝聚力的作用^[8]。除了犹太教、祆教、印度教、凯尔特宗教、希腊宗教，民族宗教的例子还有伊斯兰教的德鲁兹教^[9]^[10]、阿拉维派和阿列维派；曼达安教^[11]^:4、雅兹迪^[12]；中国汉人的民间信仰^[13]；爪哇族的克贾文（英语：Kejawèn）和卡皮塔扬（英语：Kapitayan）信仰、巽他族的维维坦（英语：Sunda Wiwitan）信仰；塞雷尔人的塞雷尔宗教（英语：Serer religion）^[14]^[15]。作为普世宗教的基督教也可能成为民族身份认同的元素，例如亚述人的叙利亚基督教信仰。

流散的族群常常将信仰民族宗教作为维持族群认同的方式。美洲的非洲裔族群就有维持非洲传统宗教的现象^[16]。

近年来新异教主义兴起，欧洲一些已经消亡的多神教信仰得到一定程度复苏^[17]，常以“民族宗教”的概念出现^[18]，而非此前惯用的“异教”（pagan）。北美也有“天然宗教（英语：nature religion）”的近义概念^[19]。

[1]
Hardacre, Helen. Shinto: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2017: 4. ISBN 978-0-19-062171-1.
[2]
此条目包含现处于公共领域的出版物中的内容：Kohler, Kaufmann（英语：Kaufmann Kohler）. Judaism. Singer, Isidore; et al (编). 犹太百科全书. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. 1901–1906.
[3]
Park, Chris C. Sacred Worlds: An Introduction to Geography and Religion. Routledge. 1994: 38 [2021-05-09]. ISBN 9780415090124.
[4]
Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh. Sikhism: An Introduction. I.B. Tauris. 2011-02-22: 61– [2021-06-19]. ISBN 978-0-85773-549-2. （原始内容存档于2020-02-28）.
[5]
Jones, Kenneth W. Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages. SUNY Press. 1992-01-03 [2021-06-19]. ISBN 978-0-7914-0828-5. （原始内容存档于2021-11-08）（英语）.
[6]
Ramaswamy, Sumathi. Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970. University of California Press. 1997-11-20 [2021-06-19]. ISBN 978-0-520-20805-6. （原始内容存档于2021-11-08）（英语）.
[7]
Hinnells, John R. The Routledge companion to the study of religion. Routledge. 2005: 439–440 [2009-09-17]. ISBN 0-415-33311-3. （原始内容存档于2016-05-09）.
[8]
Ruane, Joseph B.; Todd, Jennifer (编). Ethnicity and Religion: Intersections and Comparisons. London: Routledge. 2011. ISBN 978-1-138-88037-5.
[9]
Chatty, Dawn. Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press. 2010-03-15. ISBN 978-0-521-81792-9.
[10]
Simon Harrison. Fracturing Resemblances: Identity and Mimetic Conflict in Melanesia and the West. Berghahn Books. 2006: 121– [2021-06-19]. ISBN 978-1-57181-680-1. （原始内容存档于2021-10-26）.
[11]
Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen, The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people (PDF), Oxford University Press, 2002 [2021-06-19], ISBN 9780195153859, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-11）
[12]
Nelida Fuccaro. The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq. London & New York: I. B. Tauris. 1999: 9. ISBN 1860641709.
[13]
Shi Hu, “Religion and Philosophy in Chinese History （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）” (Shanghai: China Institute of Pacific Relations, 1931), reprinted in Hu, Shih. English Writings of Hu Shih: Chinese Philosophy and Intellectual History. China Academic Library 2. Springer Science & Business Media. 2013. ISBN 978-3642311819.
[14]
Olson, James Stuart. The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood. 1996: 516 [2021-06-19]. ISBN 978-0313279188. （原始内容存档于2021-11-08）.
[15]
Westermann, Diedrich（英语：Diedrich Hermann Westermann）; Smith, Edwin William; Forde, Cyril Daryll; International African Institute; International Institute of African Languages and Cultures（英语：International Institute of African Languages and Cultures）; Project Muse（英语：Project Muse）; JSTOR (Organization), Africa: journal of the International African Institute, Volume 63, pp 86-96, 270-1, Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute (1993)
[16]
Oduah, Chika. Are blacks abandoning Christianity for African faiths?. theGrio. 2011-10-19 [2016-05-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-09）.
[17]
Lewis, James R. The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. New York: Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-195-36964-9.
[18]
Strmiska, 2005 p. 14
[19]
Strmiska, Michael F. Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. ABC-CLIO（英语：ABC-CLIO）. 2005: 15–16, 276. ISBN 9781851096084.

[1] [1]
Hardacre, Helen. Shinto: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2017: 4. ISBN 978-0-19-062171-1.

[JEjudaism-2] [2]
此条目包含现处于公共领域的出版物中的内容：Kohler, Kaufmann（英语：Kaufmann Kohler）. Judaism. Singer, Isidore; et al (编). 犹太百科全书. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. 1901–1906.

[3] [3]
Park, Chris C. Sacred Worlds: An Introduction to Geography and Religion. Routledge. 1994: 38 [2021-05-09]. ISBN 9780415090124.

[Singh2011-4] [4]
Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh. Sikhism: An Introduction. I.B. Tauris. 2011-02-22: 61– [2021-06-19]. ISBN 978-0-85773-549-2. （原始内容存档于2020-02-28）.

[:1-5] [5]
Jones, Kenneth W. Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages. SUNY Press. 1992-01-03 [2021-06-19]. ISBN 978-0-7914-0828-5. （原始内容存档于2021-11-08）（英语）.

[6] [6]
Ramaswamy, Sumathi. Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970. University of California Press. 1997-11-20 [2021-06-19]. ISBN 978-0-520-20805-6. （原始内容存档于2021-11-08）（英语）.

[Hinnells-7] [7]
Hinnells, John R. The Routledge companion to the study of religion. Routledge. 2005: 439–440 [2009-09-17]. ISBN 0-415-33311-3. （原始内容存档于2016-05-09）.

[8] [8]
Ruane, Joseph B.; Todd, Jennifer (编). Ethnicity and Religion: Intersections and Comparisons. London: Routledge. 2011. ISBN 978-1-138-88037-5.

[dawn-9] [9]
Chatty, Dawn. Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press. 2010-03-15. ISBN 978-0-521-81792-9.

[Harrison-10] [10]
Simon Harrison. Fracturing Resemblances: Identity and Mimetic Conflict in Melanesia and the West. Berghahn Books. 2006: 121– [2021-06-19]. ISBN 978-1-57181-680-1. （原始内容存档于2021-10-26）.

[Mandaens-11] [11]
Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen, The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people (PDF), Oxford University Press, 2002 [2021-06-19], ISBN 9780195153859, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-11）

[Fuccaro-12] [12]
Nelida Fuccaro. The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq. London & New York: I. B. Tauris. 1999: 9. ISBN 1860641709.

[13] [13]
Shi Hu, “Religion and Philosophy in Chinese History （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）” (Shanghai: China Institute of Pacific Relations, 1931), reprinted in Hu, Shih. English Writings of Hu Shih: Chinese Philosophy and Intellectual History. China Academic Library 2. Springer Science & Business Media. 2013. ISBN 978-3642311819.

[Olson-14] [14]
Olson, James Stuart. The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood. 1996: 516 [2021-06-19]. ISBN 978-0313279188. （原始内容存档于2021-11-08）.

[15] [15]
Westermann, Diedrich（英语：Diedrich Hermann Westermann）; Smith, Edwin William; Forde, Cyril Daryll; International African Institute; International Institute of African Languages and Cultures（英语：International Institute of African Languages and Cultures）; Project Muse（英语：Project Muse）; JSTOR (Organization), Africa: journal of the International African Institute, Volume 63, pp 86-96, 270-1, Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute (1993)

[16] [16]
Oduah, Chika. Are blacks abandoning Christianity for African faiths?. theGrio. 2011-10-19 [2016-05-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-09）.

[17] [17]
Lewis, James R. The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. New York: Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-195-36964-9.

[strmiska14-18] [18]
Strmiska, 2005 p. 14

[19] [19]
Strmiska, Michael F. Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. ABC-CLIO（英语：ABC-CLIO）. 2005: 15–16, 276. ISBN 9781851096084.

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民族宗教

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