性别灭绝

性别灭绝（Gendercide）指针对特定性别的人系统地、有计划地屠杀的行为。^[1]

屠杀女性（Gynocide或Femicide）一词出现于十九世纪20年代^[2]，其定义为针对女性的系统的、有计划的屠杀。发生这种现象的原因往往与文化有关。屠杀女性通常被视为性别犯罪（英语：gender crime）。

最普遍的屠杀女性的形式是针对胎儿性别进行的选择性溺婴及堕胎，这一现象常出现在有重男轻女思想的文化中，女性主义者指出这会同时伤害女性与男性（男性因为更难娶到老婆而心理痛苦，女性则面临更高的性犯罪、人口贩卖等）。如中国1980年起实施的一胎化政策中，中国传统的父系社会体系往往驱使一对夫妻力求生养男丁以“传香火”，进而变相杀死女婴；后来当局曾明文规定禁止实施超声波扫描、精虫分离等性别筛检方法以保障女婴存活，而各地方的非法医疗院所仍暗地进行戕害女性胎儿的勾当。而台湾方面指出2010年有约三千名女婴遭堕胎，引起台湾卫生署高度关切并介入调查。^[3]根据联合国人口基金会指出，亚洲地区由于超声波科技的普遍加上传统的重男轻女观念，导致亚洲短少了一亿女性出生人口，尤其是中印两国最为严重。^[4]

危地马拉和墨西哥^[5]都曾有屠杀女性的报导。根据报导，在华雷斯城谋杀案（英语：Female homicides in Ciudad Juárez）（又名las muertas de Juárez）和危地马拉市的屠杀女性行为中，地方当局都没有介入。大多数被害女性都被奸杀、断肢、拷打甚至肢解。据女同性恋者权益保护组织Lesbiradas称，在危地马拉市2004、2005年发生的屠杀女性事件中，超过500名被害女性中有20%是因为与其他女性有过“亲密关系”而被成对杀害的。

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屠杀男性（英语：Androcide）被定义为针对男性的系统的、有计划的屠杀。发生这种现象的原因往往与文化有关。屠杀男性通常被视为性别犯罪（英语：gender crime）。与屠杀女性（Gynocide）不同的是，屠杀男性的行为很可能在战时发生，其目的是削减敌军的潜在兵源。

有文字记载的历史上最早的屠杀男性行为，可能出现在公元前600年，当时爱奥尼亚海盗对米利都城的男人进行了大屠杀，并强迫米利都妇女们与自己结婚，通过这种方式取代原住民在米利都定居下来。^[6]

西方文学中最广为人知的男性屠杀的例子是《新约》中《马太福音》一章所记载的希律王发动的大屠杀（诸圣婴孩庆日），有现代学者认为这一历史事件是虚构的。^[7]

“

希律见自己被博士愚弄，就大大发怒，差人将伯利恒城里，并四境所有的男孩，照着他向博士仔细查问的时候，凡两岁以里的，都杀尽了。

”

——《马太福音》 2:16

在13世纪左右，蒙古人四处征伐时，也曾经实行过男性屠杀政策。具体政策为：凡是高过马车车轮的男子，均被杀戮^{[来源请求]}。

满清时期，大批中国东南沿海移民移入台湾，加上清廷禁止男子携家带眷入台以防叛乱，而这些孑然一身的来台男丁被称为“罗汉脚（意近于光棍）”。而这些汉人移民为了垦荒，便与台湾原住民发生一连串冲突，加上身边没有妻小的关系，故与当地原住民通婚；有的以“和亲”的方式同原住民联姻并结盟，而有的则诉诸武力，血洗原住民部落，除了歼灭部落内的男丁外，顺便掳走女性族人充当配偶。

巴基斯坦1971年曾在东巴地区（现今孟加拉国）曾经将男性知识分子作为消灭的目标。^[8]

波尔布特在柬埔寨也曾大肆屠杀男性，导致此后女性在当地人口中的比例激增。^[9]

在1984年的反锡克教暴动中，男性普遍被锁定为攻击目标。^[9]

其它例子如1988年的安法尔行动^[10]^[11]^[12]（萨达姆针对伊拉克北部库尔德人进行的种族灭绝计划，详见1988 Anfal campaign）和1995年7月12日发生在波斯尼亚的斯雷布雷尼察屠杀Srebrenica massacre（英语：斯雷布雷尼察屠杀Srebrenica massacre）。^[13]^[14]

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[1]
Coined by Mary Anne Warren in her 1985 book Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection[1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
[2]
2006 Random House Unabridged Dictionary
[3]
去年疑墮掉3000女嬰　衛生署：加強稽查性別篩選. [2011-10-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-19）.
[4]
滥用超声波亚洲短缺1.17亿名女性^{[永久失效链接]}
[5]
Femicide and Gender Violence in Mexico （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, retrieved on May 28, 2007.
[6]
1911 Encyclopedia Britannica 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2009-11-13.
[7]
Robert Eisenman, James The Brother of Jesus, 1997, I.3 "Romans, Herodians and Jewish sects" discusses Mariamne, the last representative of the Maccabean line, by whom Herod had two sons, whom he put to death. "Here Herod really did kill all the Jewish children who sought to replace him, as Matthew 2:17 would have it, but these were rather his own children with Maccabean blood!" (p. 49); see also E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, 87-88
[8]
Rounaq Jahan, "Genocide in Bangladesh", in Samuel Totten et al., eds., Century of Genocide, p298. R.J. Rummel writes: "By November [1971], the rebel guerrillas ... had wrested from the army control over 25 percent of East Pakistan, a success that led the Pakistan army to seek out those especially likely to join the resistance -- young boys. Sweeps were conducted of young men who were never seen again. Bodies of youths would be found in fields, floating down rivers, or near army camps. As can be imagined, this terrorized all young men and their families within reach of the army. Most between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five began to flee from one village to another and toward India. Many of those reluctant to leave their homes were forced to flee by mothers and sisters concerned for their safety." Rummel, Death By Government (New Brunswick, USA: Transaction Publishers, 1994), p329.
[9]
Jones, Adam. Gendercide and Genocide. Journal of Genocide Research. June 2000, 2 (2): 185 – 211.
[10]
The Crimes of Saddam Hussein. [2009-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-07）.
[11]
Koreme Before The Anfal Campaign. [2009-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-28）.
[12]
Gendercide Watch: The Anfal Campaign (Iraqi Kurdistan), 1988. [2009-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-13）.
[13]
Srebrenica Timeline. [2009-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2008-07-23）.
[14]
Serbians Still Divided Over Srebrenica Massacre. [2009-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-09）.

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Femicide in Guatemala--Guernica Magazine (guernicamag.com)
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Situation of the Rights of Women in Ciudad Juárez （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (2002) — Report by OAS human rights agency.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Graduate Research " Juarez Mothers Fight Femicide Documentary" (March 2005)
The Economist - No place for your daughters （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (November 24, 2005)
Lourdes Portillo Video, Señorita Extraviada ISDN 0807861731 2001

[1] [1]
Coined by Mary Anne Warren in her 1985 book Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection[1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[2] [2]
2006 Random House Unabridged Dictionary

[3] [3]
去年疑墮掉3000女嬰　衛生署：加強稽查性別篩選. [2011-10-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-19）.

[4] [4]
滥用超声波亚洲短缺1.17亿名女性^{[永久失效链接]}

[5] [5]
Femicide and Gender Violence in Mexico （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, retrieved on May 28, 2007.

[6] [6]
1911 Encyclopedia Britannica 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2009-11-13.

[7] [7]
Robert Eisenman, James The Brother of Jesus, 1997, I.3 "Romans, Herodians and Jewish sects" discusses Mariamne, the last representative of the Maccabean line, by whom Herod had two sons, whom he put to death. "Here Herod really did kill all the Jewish children who sought to replace him, as Matthew 2:17 would have it, but these were rather his own children with Maccabean blood!" (p. 49); see also E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, 87-88

[8] [8]
Rounaq Jahan, "Genocide in Bangladesh", in Samuel Totten et al., eds., Century of Genocide, p298. R.J. Rummel writes: "By November [1971], the rebel guerrillas ... had wrested from the army control over 25 percent of East Pakistan, a success that led the Pakistan army to seek out those especially likely to join the resistance -- young boys. Sweeps were conducted of young men who were never seen again. Bodies of youths would be found in fields, floating down rivers, or near army camps. As can be imagined, this terrorized all young men and their families within reach of the army. Most between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five began to flee from one village to another and toward India. Many of those reluctant to leave their homes were forced to flee by mothers and sisters concerned for their safety." Rummel, Death By Government (New Brunswick, USA: Transaction Publishers, 1994), p329.

[Jones-9] [9]
Jones, Adam. Gendercide and Genocide. Journal of Genocide Research. June 2000, 2 (2): 185 – 211.

[10] [10]
The Crimes of Saddam Hussein. [2009-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-07）.

[11] [11]
Koreme Before The Anfal Campaign. [2009-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-28）.

[12] [12]
Gendercide Watch: The Anfal Campaign (Iraqi Kurdistan), 1988. [2009-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-13）.

[13] [13]
Srebrenica Timeline. [2009-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2008-07-23）.

[14] [14]
Serbians Still Divided Over Srebrenica Massacre. [2009-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-09）.

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性别灭绝

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性别灭绝

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屠杀女性

屠杀男性

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