弹性碰撞是碰撞前后整个系统动能不变的碰撞。弹性碰撞的必要条件是动能没有转成其他形式的能量(热能、转动能量),例如:原子的碰撞。 动能守恒:(初速度记为 u {\displaystyle u} ,末速度记为 v {\displaystyle v} ) 1 2 m 1 u 1 2 + 1 2 m 2 u 2 2 = 1 2 m 1 v 1 2 + 1 2 m 2 v 2 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}m_{1}u_{1}^{2}+{\frac {1}{2}}m_{2}u_{2}^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}m_{1}v_{1}^{2}+{\frac {1}{2}}m_{2}v_{2}^{2}} 动量守恒: m 1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 {\displaystyle \,\!m_{1}u_{1}+m_{2}u_{2}=m_{1}v_{1}+m_{2}v_{2}} 从动量守恒式解 v 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}} : v 1 = m 1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 − m 2 ⋅ v 2 m 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}={\frac {m_{1}u_{1}+m_{2}u_{2}-m_{2}\cdot v_{2}}{m_{1}}}} 我们不想让 v 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}} 的分子中出现末速 v 2 {\displaystyle v_{2}} ,这里需要一些技巧换掉 v 2 {\displaystyle v_{2}} ! 对动能守恒式使用平方差公式: m 1 u 1 2 + m 2 u 2 2 = m 1 v 1 2 + m 2 v 2 2 {\displaystyle m_{1}u_{1}^{2}+m_{2}u_{2}^{2}=m_{1}v_{1}^{2}+m_{2}v_{2}^{2}} m 1 ( u 1 − v 1 ) ( u 1 + v 1 ) = m 2 ( v 2 − u 2 ) ( v 2 + u 2 ) {\displaystyle m_{1}(u_{1}-v_{1})(u_{1}+v_{1})=m_{2}(v_{2}-u_{2})(v_{2}+u_{2})} 对动量守恒式移项: m 1 ( u 1 − v 1 ) = m 2 ( v 2 − u 2 ) {\displaystyle m_{1}(u_{1}-v_{1})=m_{2}(v_{2}-u_{2})} 上面两式直接相除: u 1 + v 1 = v 2 + u 2 {\displaystyle u_{1}+v_{1}=v_{2}+u_{2}} 现在可得 v 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}} 的最终形式: v 1 = m 1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 − m 2 ⋅ ( u 1 + v 1 − u 2 ) m 1 {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}_{1}={\frac {m_{1}u_{1}+m_{2}u_{2}-m_{2}\cdot (u_{1}+{\boldsymbol {v}}_{1}-u_{2})}{m_{1}}}} 把 v 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}} 整理到一起: v 1 = u 1 ( m 1 − m 2 ) + 2 m 2 u 2 m 1 + m 2 {\displaystyle v_{1}={\frac {u_{1}(m_{1}-m_{2})+2m_{2}u_{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}} 同理,使用相同的套路也可得: v 2 = u 2 ( m 2 − m 1 ) + 2 m 1 u 1 m 1 + m 2 {\displaystyle v_{2}={\frac {u_{2}(m_{2}-m_{1})+2m_{1}u_{1}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}} 或用质心速度化简为: u 1 + v 1 = 2 m 1 v 1 + 2 m 2 v 2 m 1 + m 2 = 2 ⋅ v CoM {\displaystyle u_{1}+v_{1}={\frac {2m_{1}v_{1}+2m_{2}v_{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}=2\cdot v_{\textrm {CoM}}} 和 u 2 + v 2 = 2 ⋅ v CoM {\displaystyle u_{2}+v_{2}=2\cdot v_{\textrm {CoM}}} Remove ads性质 v 1 − v 2 = u 2 − u 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}-v_{2}=u_{2}-u_{1}} :一个物件相对另一个物件的速度,在碰撞后逆转。 物件在碰撞前后的平均动量相同。 质心的速度不变。 两个碰撞物的质量相同,则两者速度互换。 若一物碰撞一个质量相对极小的另一物,则前者的速度几乎不变,而后者以近乎原前者两倍速度弹出。 若一物碰撞一个质量相对极大的另一物,则前者的以近乎原速率反弹,而后者几乎不动。 Remove ads例子 两相同质量物体的完全弹性碰撞 两相同质量物体完全弹性碰撞 两不同质量物体完全弹性碰撞 中子减速剂有许多质量小的原子核的原子(另一个好处是它们不易吸收中子),因为质量最小的原子核和中子的质量十分接近。 非弹性碰撞 恢复系数 Wikiwand in your browser!Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.Wikiwand for ChromeWikiwand for EdgeWikiwand for FirefoxRemove ads
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.