埃尔·格列柯

埃尔·格列柯（西班牙语：El Greco，1541年—1614年4月7日），西班牙文艺复兴时期画家、雕塑家与建筑家。“埃尔·格列柯”在西班牙文中意为“希腊人”，是依格列柯的希腊血统而取的别名；格列柯在画作上通常署名以希腊文本名多米尼克·提托克波洛斯（希腊语：Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος，西班牙语：Doménikos Theotokópoulos）。

埃尔·格列柯
《一名老人的肖像》（推测为埃尔·格列柯之自画像），约1595年–1600年，油彩 / 帆布，52.7 × 46.7 cm，美国纽约大都会艺术博物馆
出生	多米尼克·提托克波洛斯 Doménikos Theotokópoulos 1541年 威尼斯共和国克里特
逝世	1614年4月7日（72–73岁） 西班牙托雷多
国籍	西班牙 / 希腊
知名于	绘画、雕塑、建筑
知名作品	《脱掉基督的外衣》 (1577–1579) 《圣母升天》 (1577–1579) 《欧贵兹伯爵的葬礼》 (1586–1588) 《托利多风景》 (1596–1600) 《圣马丁与乞丐》(1597-1599) 《揭开第五印》 (1608–1614)
运动	矫饰主义
影响于 巴勃罗·毕加索

格列柯出生于后拜占庭艺术时期的克里特，当时为威尼斯共和国所治理。他原受传统绘画教育，直到26岁时，和许多希腊艺术家一样，动身前往威尼斯旅行后画风丕变^[1]。1570年，格列柯迁居至罗马，在当地经营一间工作坊、创作了一系列的作品。在此期间，格列柯受到威尼斯文艺复兴的薰染，在画风中融入了矫饰主义。1577年，他转往西班牙托雷多发展，直到逝世。在托雷多，格列柯接受了些许重要的委托，并创作出他最著名的画作。

格列柯兼具戏剧性与表现主义的画风在当代并不受宠，但在20世纪获肯。格列柯被公认是表现主义及立体主义先驱。格列柯被现代学者视为一极与众不同、具高度个人色彩的艺术家，不属任何传统流派^[2]。他的画作以弯曲瘦长的身形为特色，用色怪诞而变幻无常，融合了拜占庭传统与西方绘画风格^[3]。

著名作品

• 
  天使报喜
• 
  慈善圣母
• 
  圣母无原罪
• 
  基督将货币兑换者赶出圣殿
• 
  基督使盲人复明
• 
  救世主基督
• 
  拉奥孔
• 
  手放在胸前的贵族
• 
  圣方济各接受圣痕
• 
  圣哲罗姆
• 
  圣哲罗姆
• 
  弗雷·霍坦西奥·费利克斯·帕拉维奇诺
• 
  比萨的弗朗西斯科博士肖像
• 
  有胡须者的肖像

引用

1. J. Brown, El Greco of Toledo, 75-77
2. Greco, El. 大英百科全書. 2002.
3. M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco—The Greek, 60

参考文献

出版资料 (书与文章)

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• Hadjinicolaou, Nicos. Inequalities in the work of Theotocópoulos and the Problems of their Interpretation. Meanings of the Image edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou (in Greek). 克里特大学. 1994. ISBN 960-7309-65-0.
• Harris, Enriquetta. A Decorative Scheme by El Greco. Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs (伯林顿杂志出版有限公司). April 1938, 72 (421): 154–155+157–159+162–164.
• Helm, Robert Meredith. The Neoplatonic Tradition in the Art of El Greco. Neoplatonism and Western Aesthetics edited by Aphrodite Alexandrakis and Nicholas J. Moutafakis. SUNY 出版. 2001. ISBN 0-7914-5279-4.
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• Marias, Fernando. El Greco's Artistic Thought. El Greco, Identity and Transformation edited by Alvarez Lopera. Skira. 1999. ISBN 88-8118-474-5.
• Marias Fernando, Bustamante García Agustín. Las Ideas Artísticas de El Greco (in Spanish). Cátedra. 1981. ISBN 84-376-0263-7.
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• Pallucchini, Rodolfo. Some Early Works by El Greco. Burlington Magazine (伯林顿杂志出版有限公司). May 1948, 90 (542): 130–135, 137.
• Panayotakis, Nikolaos M. "The Cretan Period of the Life of Doménicos Theotocópoulos. Festschrift In Honor Of Nikos Svoronos, Volume B. 克里特大学出版. 1986.
• Pijoan, Joseph. El Greco — A Spaniard. Art Bulletin (学院艺术协会). March 1930, 12 (1): 12–19 [2010-01-08]. doi:10.2307/3050759. （原始内容存档于2020-05-28）.
• Procopiou, Angelo. El Greco and Cretan Painting. Burlington Magazine (伯林顿杂志出版有限公司). March 1952, 94 (588): 74+76–80 [2010-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-28）.
• Rassias John, Alexiou Christos, Bien Peter. Greco. Demotic Greek II: The Flying Telephone Booth. UPNE. 1982. ISBN 0-87451-208-5.
• Richardson, John. Picasso's Apocalyptic Whorehouse. The New York Review of Books (伯林顿杂志出版有限公司). 23 April 1987, 34 (7): 40–47. |year=与|date=不匹配 (帮助)
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• Sanders Alan, Kearney Richard. Changing Faces. The Wake of Imagination: Toward a Postmodern Culture. 洛特列治 (英). 1998. ISBN 0-415-11950-2.
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线上资料

• Alberge, Dalya. Collector Is Vindicated as Icon Is Hailed as El Greco. 线上时代杂志. 2006-08-24 [2006-12-17].
• Berg, Liisa. El Greco in Toledo. [2006-10-14]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-28）.
• Cormack, Robin; Vassilaki Maria. The Baptism of Christ New Light on Early El Greco. 阿波罗杂志. August 2005 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2009-03-15）. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
• Art: Dominick the Greek. Time. January 1941 [2009-08-28]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-26）.
• El Greco. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of European Paintings. [2006-10-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-01-12）.
• El Greco Drawings could fetch £400,000. 卫报. 2002-11-23 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-10）.
• Film on life of painter El Greco planned, Athens. 雅典通讯社. 2006-05-09 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-11）.
• Greece buys unique El Greco for 1.2 million dollars, Athens. 雅典通讯社. 1995-06-09 [2006-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-29）.
• Hamerman, Nora. El Greco Paintings Lead Toward 'City of God'. 天主教先驱报. 2003-12-04 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-27）.
• Harrison, Helen A. Art Review; Getting in Touch With That Inner El Greco. 纽约时报. 2005-03-20 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-12）.
• Horsley, Carter B. The Shock of the Old. [2006-10-26]. （原始内容存档于2006-11-12）.
• Irving, Mark. How to Beat the Spanish Inquisition. 周日独立报. 2004-02-08 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-13）.
• Jones, Jonathan. The Reluctant Disciple. 卫报. 2004-01-24 [2006-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2006-09-02）.
• Kakissis, Joanna. A Cretan Village that Was the Painter's Birthplace Bridles at a nearby Town's Claim. 波士顿环球报. 2005-03-06 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2005-03-11）.
• Katimertzi, Paraskevi. Cubism and El Greco (Ta Nea). [2006-12-04]. （原始内容存档于2005-11-27）.
• Kimmelman, Michael. Art Review; El Greco, Bearer Of Many Gifts. 纽约时报. 2003-10-03 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-11）.
• McGarr, Simon. St Francis Receiving The Stigmata. [2006-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2007-02-07）.
• Penny, Nicholas. At the National Gallery. [2006-10-25]. （原始内容存档于2006-12-10）.
• Revelations — The first Major British Retrospective of El Greco Has the Power of a Hand Grenade. 卫报. 2004-02-10 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-13）.
• Romaine, James. El Greco's Mystical Vision. [2006-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2006-12-14）.
• Russel, John. Art View; Seeing the Art of El Greco as never before. 纽约时报. 1982-07-18 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-11）.

延伸阅读

• Aznar, José Camón. Dominico Greco. Madrid. 1950.
• Davies, David (Editor), Elliott, John H. (Editor), Bray, Xavier (Contributor), Christiansen, Keith (Contributor), Finaldi, Gabriele (Contributor). El Greco (catalogue). National Gallery London. 2006. ISBN 1-85709-938-9.
• Marias, Fernando. El Greco in Toledo. Scala Publishers. 2005. ISBN 1-85759-210-7.
• Pallucchini, Rodolfo. II Polittico del Greco della R. Gallena Estense e la Formazione dell'Artista (in Italian). Gazzetta dell' Emilia. March 7, 1937, 13: 171–178.
• Prevelakis, Pandelis. Theotocópoulos—Biography (in Greek). Aetos. 1942.
• Rice, Talbot. El Greco and Byzantium. The New York Review of Books (The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.). January 1937, 70 (406): 34+38–39.

外部链接

• 埃尔·格列柯基金会 - 虚拟艺廊 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 生平與旅行. 美国国家艺术馆. [2006-10-25]. （原始内容存档于2006-11-10）.
• 埃爾·格雷考. Olga's Gallery. [2007-02-26]. （原始内容存档于2007-02-22）.
• 埃尔·格列柯 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 埃尔·格列柯 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） （希腊文）