地圆说

地圆说是指主张地球形状近似于球体的理论。关于此类概念的最早记录可追溯至公元前5世纪左右，当时它出现在古希腊哲学家的著作中。^[1]^[2] 西元前3世纪，希腊化天文学将地球的大致球形确定为物理事实，并计算地球的周长。这种知识在古典时代晚期和中世纪逐渐被整个旧世界采用。^[3]^[4]^[5] 斐迪南·麦哲伦和胡安·塞巴斯蒂安·埃尔卡诺的环球航行实际上证明此类理论。^[6]

这类概念取代早期对平坦地球的信念：在早期美索不达米亚神话中，世界被描绘成一个漂浮在海洋中的圆盘，上面有一个半球形的天穹^[7]，这构成早期世界地图的前提，例如阿那克西曼德和米利都的赫卡塔埃乌斯所提出的有关想法。也有其他关于地球形状的猜测和论述。

正如艾萨克·牛顿在《自然哲学的数学原理》中所描述，许多人早在17世纪就意识到地球的形状被更准确地描述为椭球体。 19世纪初，根据让-巴蒂斯特·约瑟夫·德朗布尔和乔治·埃佛勒斯等人的理论，地球椭球体的扁率被认定为1/300；自1960年代以来，美国国防部世界大地测量系统确定的数值接近 1/298.25。^[8]

参看

地平说

参考来源

[1]
Dicks, D.R. Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 1970: 72–198. ISBN 978-0-8014-0561-7.
[2]
Cormack, Lesley B., Numbers, Ronald L.; Kampourakis, Kostas , 编, Newton's Apple and Other Myths about Science, Harvard University Press: 16–24, 2015, ISBN 9780674915473 |article=被忽略 (帮助)
[3]
Jamil, Jamil. Astronomy. Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (编). Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2009. ISBN 978-90-04-17852-6. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22652.
[4]
Direct adoption by India: D. Pingree: "History of Mathematical Astronomy in India", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 15 (1978), pp. 533–633 (554f.); Glick, Thomas F., Livesey, Steven John, Wallis, Faith (eds.): "Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, New York 2005, ISBN 0-415-96930-1, p. 463
[5]
Adoption by China via European science: Martzloff, Jean-Claude. Space and Time in Chinese Texts of Astronomy and of Mathematical Astronomy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Chinese Science. 1993, 11 (11): 66–92 [2021-10-12]. JSTOR 43290474. doi:10.1163/26669323-01101005. （原始内容存档于2021-10-26）. and Cullen, C. A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan tzu 淮南子. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 1976, 39 (1): 106–127. JSTOR 616189. S2CID 171017315. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00052137.
[6]
Pigafetta, Antonio. Magellan's Voyage Around the World. A.H. Clark Company. 1906 （英语）.
[7]
Neugebauer, Otto E. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Birkhäuser. 1975: 577. ISBN 978-3-540-06995-9.
[8]
Thurston, Hugh. Early Astronomy. Springer Science & Business Media. 1994. ISBN 978-0-387-94107-3 （英语）.

外部链接

[Dicks-1] [1]
Dicks, D.R. Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 1970: 72–198. ISBN 978-0-8014-0561-7.

[2] [2]
Cormack, Lesley B., Numbers, Ronald L.; Kampourakis, Kostas , 编, Newton's Apple and Other Myths about Science, Harvard University Press: 16–24, 2015, ISBN 9780674915473 |article=被忽略 (帮助)

[Encyclopaedia_of_Islam:_Astronomy-3] [3]
Jamil, Jamil. Astronomy. Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (编). Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2009. ISBN 978-90-04-17852-6. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22652.

[Pingree:_Indian_adoption-4] [4]
Direct adoption by India: D. Pingree: "History of Mathematical Astronomy in India", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 15 (1978), pp. 533–633 (554f.); Glick, Thomas F., Livesey, Steven John, Wallis, Faith (eds.): "Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, New York 2005, ISBN 0-415-96930-1, p. 463

[Martzloff,_Cullen:_Chinese_adoption-5] [5]
Adoption by China via European science: Martzloff, Jean-Claude. Space and Time in Chinese Texts of Astronomy and of Mathematical Astronomy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Chinese Science. 1993, 11 (11): 66–92 [2021-10-12]. JSTOR 43290474. doi:10.1163/26669323-01101005. （原始内容存档于2021-10-26）. and Cullen, C. A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan tzu 淮南子. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 1976, 39 (1): 106–127. JSTOR 616189. S2CID 171017315. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00052137.

[6] [6]
Pigafetta, Antonio. Magellan's Voyage Around the World. A.H. Clark Company. 1906 （英语）.

[Neugebauer-7] [7]
Neugebauer, Otto E. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Birkhäuser. 1975: 577. ISBN 978-3-540-06995-9.

[8] [8]
Thurston, Hugh. Early Astronomy. Springer Science & Business Media. 1994. ISBN 978-0-387-94107-3 （英语）.

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