喷孔

喷孔（英语：blowhole (geology)）是一种连接到海水而出路到地表的地下通道。通常是一个海洞向陆地再向上生长成垂直的竖井。海浪的间歇性液压缩就会导致通道中空气从气孔顶部释放出来^[1]。喷气的高度和海洞和气孔的几何形状以及潮位有关^[2]^[3]。

原理

喷孔通常出现在沿海岸的岩石中存在裂缝的区域，例如熔岩管^[4]。这些区域通常具有断层^[4]。当大海浪冲击海岸时，海水涌会入这些裂缝并在高压下喷涌而出。它通常伴随着巨大的噪音和广泛的喷雾，因此，喷气孔通常是旅游景点^[4]。喷孔气孔通常位于岩石海岸线与断层相交的迎风面，那里的波浪能很高^[5]。喷孔的发展与沿海洞穴的形成有关。喷孔系统的形成有三个主要因素：集水入口、压缩洞室和排出口。这三个因素的排列、角度和大小能决定喷射出空气与水的比例^[6]。喷孔往往出现在离滨海洞穴的最远端部分。顾名思义，喷孔具有快速移动空气的能力。由滨海洞穴的压力而造成的气流风速可超过 70 公里/小时^[7]。喷孔系统的形成始于滨海洞穴的形成。而影响滨海洞穴形成的主要因素是波浪动力学和岩石的抗风化性性质。滨海洞穴可以通过以下两种过程之一形成：石灰岩的溶解，或火成岩的假岩溶^[8]。随着海浪的侵蚀，滨海洞穴通过岩层中的节理向内陆和垂直方向扩大。陆表的风化又将洞穴的顶部暴露出来，气孔不断扩大，最终滨海洞穴的顶部被削弱并坍塌。这就造成了一个陡峭的海水入口，喷孔也消失^[9]。

参考文献

[1]
Bell, F. G.; Frederic Gladstone Bell (2007). Engineering geology. Elsevier. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-7506-8077-6.
[2]
Sartor, James Doyne; Lamar, D. L. (1962). Meteorological-Geological Investigations of the Wupatki Blowhole System. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. OCLC 22486021
[3]
Bunnell, Dave (2008). "Vertical sea caving" (PDF). NSS News. 66 (10): 11–18.
[4]
Woodroffe, Colin D. (2011-01-01). "Blowholes". Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs. Encyclopedia of Earth
[5]
Bunnell, Dave (2013). "Littoral Cave Development on the Western U.S. Coast". 14 Littoral Cave Development on the Western US Coast. Coastal Karst Landforms. Coastal Research Library. Vol. 5. pp. 299–315. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5016-6_14. ISBN 9789400750166.
[6]
Mendoza-Baldwin, Edgar; Silva-Casarín, Rodolfo; Sánchez-Dirzo, Rafael; Chávez-Cárdenas, Xavier (2011-01-30). "Wave Energy Conversion Using a Blow-Jet System". Coastal Engineering Proceedings. 1 (32): 62. doi:10.9753/icce.v32.structures.62. ISSN 2156-1028.
[7]
Burnett, Shannon; Webb, John A.; White, Susan (2013-11-01). "Shallow caves and blowholes on the Nullarbor Plain, Australia — Flank margin caves on a low gradient limestone platform". Geomorphology. 201: 246–253. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.06.024. ISSN 0169-555X.
[8]
Mylroie, John E.; Mylroie, Joan R. (2013). Coastal Karst Landforms. Coastal Research Library. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 3–14. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5016-6_1. ISBN 9789400750159.
[9]
Clark, Hovey C.; Johnson, Markes E. (1995). "Coastal Geomorphology of Andesite from the Cretaceous Alisitos Formation in Baja California (Mexico)". Journal of Coastal Research. 11 (2): 401–414. JSTOR 4298348.

[”Bell”-1] [1]
Bell, F. G.; Frederic Gladstone Bell (2007). Engineering geology. Elsevier. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-7506-8077-6.

[”Sarto”-2] [2]
Sartor, James Doyne; Lamar, D. L. (1962). Meteorological-Geological Investigations of the Wupatki Blowhole System. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. OCLC 22486021

[”Bunnell”-3] [3]
Bunnell, Dave (2008). "Vertical sea caving" (PDF). NSS News. 66 (10): 11–18.

[”Wood”-4] [4]
Woodroffe, Colin D. (2011-01-01). "Blowholes". Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs. Encyclopedia of Earth

[”Bunn”-5] [5]
Bunnell, Dave (2013). "Littoral Cave Development on the Western U.S. Coast". 14 Littoral Cave Development on the Western US Coast. Coastal Karst Landforms. Coastal Research Library. Vol. 5. pp. 299–315. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5016-6_14. ISBN 9789400750166.

[”Men”-6] [6]
Mendoza-Baldwin, Edgar; Silva-Casarín, Rodolfo; Sánchez-Dirzo, Rafael; Chávez-Cárdenas, Xavier (2011-01-30). "Wave Energy Conversion Using a Blow-Jet System". Coastal Engineering Proceedings. 1 (32): 62. doi:10.9753/icce.v32.structures.62. ISSN 2156-1028.

[”Burnett”-7] [7]
Burnett, Shannon; Webb, John A.; White, Susan (2013-11-01). "Shallow caves and blowholes on the Nullarbor Plain, Australia — Flank margin caves on a low gradient limestone platform". Geomorphology. 201: 246–253. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.06.024. ISSN 0169-555X.

[”-8] [8]
Mylroie, John E.; Mylroie, Joan R. (2013). Coastal Karst Landforms. Coastal Research Library. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 3–14. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5016-6_1. ISBN 9789400750159.

[”Clark”-9] [9]
Clark, Hovey C.; Johnson, Markes E. (1995). "Coastal Geomorphology of Andesite from the Cretaceous Alisitos Formation in Baja California (Mexico)". Journal of Coastal Research. 11 (2): 401–414. JSTOR 4298348.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]