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双歧杆菌属（学名：Bifidobacterium）是双歧杆菌目双歧杆菌科的一属，为严格厌氧的革兰氏阳性杆菌。因细胞形态常呈现分叉状而得名[1]，其染色呈不规则的分叉成Y及V型的杆状及棍棒状或匙形。此属的模式种为两歧双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium bifidum），按音译俗称比菲德菌[2][3]。
双歧杆菌广泛存在于人和动物的消化道、阴道、口腔等生境中，会发酵糖类形成乳酸和乙酸。双歧杆菌是一大类具有代表性的人体肠道益生菌，可能与人类营养、抗菌、免疫调节、抗癌及抗肿瘤等相关[4]。双歧杆菌与某些肠道疾病相关，如：炎症性肠病（IBD）、肠易激综合征（IBS）、腹泻、结肠癌、直肠癌等[5]。双歧杆菌制剂可能可以调理和改善肠道相关疾病[6]。
本属包括以下物种：[7]
- Bifidobacterium actinocoloniiforme Killer et al. 2011
- 青春双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium adolescentis Reuter, 1963[8]
- Bifidobacterium aemilianum Alberoni et al. 2019
- Bifidobacterium aerophilum Michelini et al. 2017
- Bifidobacterium aesculapii Modesto et al. 2014
- Bifidobacterium angulatum Scardovi and Crociani 1974
- 动物双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium animalis (Mitsuoka 1969) Scardovi and Trovatelli 1974
- 双歧杆菌动物亚种 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis
- Bifidobacterium anseris Lugli et al. 2018
- Bifidobacterium apri Pechar et al. 2017
- Bifidobacterium aquikefiri Laureys et al. 2016
- Bifidobacterium asteroides Scardovi and Trovatelli 1969
- Bifidobacterium avesanii Michelini et al. 2019
- Bifidobacterium biavatii Endo et al. 2012
- 两歧双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium bifidum (Tissier 1900) Orla-Jensen 1924，双岐双岐杆菌
- Bifidobacterium bohemicum Killer et al. 2011
- Bifidobacterium bombi Killer et al. 2009
- Bifidobacterium boum Scardovi et al. 1979
- 短双岐杆菌 Bifidobacterium breve Reuter 1963
- Bifidobacterium callimiconis Duranti et al. 2019
- Bifidobacterium callitrichidarum Modesto et al. 2018
- Bifidobacterium callitrichos Endo et al. 2012
- 犬双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium canis Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2020
- Bifidobacterium castoris Duranti et al. 2019
- Bifidobacterium catenulatum Scardovi and Crociani 1974
- Bifidobacterium catulorum Modesto et al. 2018
- Bifidobacterium cebidarum Duranti et al. 2020
- Bifidobacterium choerinum Scardovi et al. 1979
- Bifidobacterium choloepi Modesto et al. 2020
- Bifidobacterium commune Praet et al. 2015
- Bifidobacterium coryneforme (ex Scardovi and Trovatelli 1969) Biavati et al. 1982，异名
- Bifidobacterium criceti Lugli et al. 2018
- Bifidobacterium crudilactis Delcenserie et al. 2013
- Bifidobacterium cuniculi Scardovi et al. 1979
- Bifidobacterium denticolens Crociani et al. 1996
- 齿双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium dentium Scardovi and Crociani 1974
- Bifidobacterium dolichotidis Duranti et al. 2019
- Bifidobacterium erythrocebi Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021
- Bifidobacterium eulemuris Michelini et al. 2016
- Bifidobacterium faecale Choi et al. 2014
- Bifidobacterium felsineum Modesto et al. 2020
- Bifidobacterium gallicum Lauer 1990
- Bifidobacterium gallinarum Watabe et al. 1983
- Bifidobacterium globosum (ex Scardovi et al. 1969) Biavati et al. 1982
- Bifidobacterium goeldii Duranti et al. 2019
- Bifidobacterium hapali Michelini et al. 2016
- Bifidobacterium imperatoris Lugli et al. 2018
- Bifidobacterium indicum Scardovi and Trovatelli 1969
- 婴儿双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium infantis Reuter 1963，异名
- Bifidobacterium inopinatum Crociani et al. 1996，异名
- 意大利双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium italicum Lugli et al. 2018
- Bifidobacterium jacchi Modesto et al. 2019
- Bifidobacterium kashiwanohense Morita et al. 2011，异名
- 乳双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium lactis Meile et al. 1997，更名为动物双歧杆菌乳亚种(Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis)
- Bifidobacterium lemurum Modesto et al. 2015
- Bifidobacterium leontopitheci Duranti et al. 2020
- 长双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium longum Reuter 1963，俗名：比菲德氏龙根菌，简称 龙根菌
- Bifidobacterium longum iuvenis Modesto et al. 2023[9]
- Bifidobacterium magnum Scardovi and Zani 1974
- Bifidobacterium margollesii Lugli et al. 2018
- Bifidobacterium mellis Olofsson et al. 2023[10]
- Bifidobacterium merycicum Biavati and Mattarelli 1991
- 小双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium minimum Biavati et al. 1982
- Bifidobacterium mongoliense Watanabe et al. 2009
- Bifidobacterium moraviense Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021
- Bifidobacterium moukalabense Tsuchida et al. 2014
- Bifidobacterium myosotis Michelini et al. 2016
- Bifidobacterium oedipodis Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021
- Bifidobacterium olomucense Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021
- Bifidobacterium panos Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021
- Bifidobacterium parmae Lugli et al. 2018
- Bifidobacterium porcinum (Zhu et al. 2003) Nouioui et al. 2018
- Bifidobacterium primatium Modesto et al. 2020
- Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum Scardovi et al. 1979
- Bifidobacterium pseudolongum Mitsuoka 1969
- Bifidobacterium psychraerophilum Simpson et al. 2004
- Bifidobacterium pullorum Trovatelli et al. 1974
- Bifidobacterium ramosum Michelini et al. 2017
- Bifidobacterium reuteri Endo et al. 2012
- Bifidobacterium ruminantium Biavati and Mattarelli 1991
- Bifidobacterium saeculare Biavati et al. 1992，为Bifidobacterium gallinarum subsp. saeculare (Biavati et al. 1992) Liu et al. 2020的异名
- Bifidobacterium saguini Endo et al. 2012
- Bifidobacterium samirii Duranti et al. 2019
- Bifidobacterium scaligerum Modesto et al. 2020
- 斯卡尔多维双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium scardovii Hoyles et al. 2002
- Bifidobacterium simiarum Modesto et al. 2020
- Bifidobacterium stellenboschense Endo et al. 2012
- Bifidobacterium stercoris Kim et al. 2010，为Bifidobacterium adolescentis Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)的异名
- Bifidobacterium subtile Biavati et al. 1982
- 猪双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium suis Matteuzzi et al. 1971，异名
- Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum Dong et al. 2000
- Bifidobacterium thermophilum Mitsuoka 1969，也拼作Bifidobacterium thermophilium
- Bifidobacterium tibiigranuli Eckel et al. 2020
- Bifidobacterium tissieri corrig. Michelini et al. 2016
- Bifidobacterium tissierii Michelini et al. 2016
- Bifidobacterium tsurumiense Okamoto et al. 2008
- Bifidobacterium vansinderenii Duranti et al. 2017
- Bifidobacterium xylocopae Alberoni et al. 2019
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