麦伦普塔赫石碑(The Merneptah Stele),别名以色列石碑(the Israel Stele)或法老麦伦普塔赫胜利纪念碑(Victory Stele of Merneptah)。这座石碑是一座大型暗色花岗岩石碑,为古埃及法老阿蒙霍特普三世所立。后来法老麦伦普塔赫在公元前1213年到前1203年在位,他在此石碑上刻下碑文。碑文内容纪念了法老麦伦普塔赫的一次重要战役的胜利,此战埃及军队击败了Libu 和 Meshwesh两支利比亚人部落以及他们的海上民族盟友。碑文的最后两行提及了先前发生在迦南的一次战役,法老麦伦普塔赫在碑文中声称在此战中他击败了亚实基伦(迦南地的非利士人城邦)、基色(Gezer,迦南地的城市)、雅罗安(Yanoam)、以色列等民族的军队。[1]
只有一行提到了以色列,该行的译文为:“以色列惨遭蹂躏,几乎灭种”("Israel is wasted, bare of seed")。该行另一种译文为“以色列荒芜,其种无存”("Israel lies waste, its seed no longer exists")。碑文提到迦南地的内容很少。以色列仅仅是和亚实基伦(Ashkelon)、基色(Gezer)和雅罗安(Yanoam)一起在碑文中提到一次罢了。法老麦伦普塔赫是在碑文中插入了这行提到他在迦南地的战役,但碑文主要内容是他对利比亚部落和海上民族的战役的胜利。提到麦伦普塔赫的迦南地战役的碑文内容是,“迦南悲哀地臣服。亚实基伦被征服。基色被攻占。雅罗安不复存在。以色列惨遭蹂躏,几乎灭种。”
Donald Redford提出的理论认为此“以色列”是一支与贝都因人类似的游牧人,埃及人称之为“Shasu”。Redford注意到法老阿蒙霍特普三世的Soleb temple里的记载公元前15世纪的“Shasu”族群的列表中,有一个是“Yhw,在Shasu之地”。Yhw被认为是Yaw或Yahweh的早期形式。而Yahweh正是希伯来语圣经(基督教的圣经旧约)里以色列的上帝。这个以色列人和Shasu存在关系的学说被质疑。因为在麦伦普塔赫石碑碑文中,以色列人并未被描绘为Shasu。碑文中以色列人与迦南城邦亚实基伦人、基色人和雅罗安人,两者在服装和发型上别无二致。[6]碑文中的亚实基伦人等城邦人民正在保卫自己的城市。“以色列”人紧接着在这些迦南地的城邦人民之后被提到。看来人们对此不会形成成熟可靠的结论。在麦伦普塔赫石碑之后,下一个提到以色列的非圣经文献就是300年后的米沙石碑。米沙石碑碑文记载了以色列王暗利和摩押人的战争。麦伦普塔赫石碑时代200年后扫罗成为以色列联合王国的王。这200年的历史圣经的记载很粗略。以色列如何转变为一个王国仍然需要研究。无论如何,麦伦普塔赫石碑是以色列历史的重要资料,它是关于“以色列”的第一次官方纪录,尽管信息不多。
Institute of Southern Adventist University 的Michael G. Hasel提出,在公元前13世纪晚期,以色列已经成为迦南地的一支成熟的政治力量。他认为麦伦普塔赫石碑固然没有使得我们明确当时以色列的社会状况,但碑文的确提到以色列意味着他成为埃及人在迦南地必须面对的政治实体。[7]
碑文片断“以色列荒芜,其种无存。”("Israel is laid waste; its seed is not.")
Carol A. Redmount, 'Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt' in The Oxford History of the Biblical World, ed. Michael D. Coogan, (Oxford University Press: 1999), p.97
Alessandro Bongioanni & Maria Croce (ed.), The Treasures of Ancient Egypt: From the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Universe Publishing, a division of Ruzzoli Publications Inc., 2003. p.186
Stager, Lawrence E., "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel" in Michael Coogan ed. The Oxford History of the Biblical World, Oxford University Press, 2001. p.92
In the original text, the bird (a swallow) is placed below the t sign (a semicircle) but for reasons of legibility, the bird is here placed next to the t sign.
Coogan, Michael D., 1999. The Oxford History of the Biblical Word, Oxford University Press
Görg, Manfred. 2001. "Israel in Hieroglyphen." Biblische Notizen: Beiträge zur exegetischen Diskussion 106:21–27.
Hasel, Michael G. 1994. "Israel in the Merneptah Stela." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 296:45–61.
Hasel, Michael G. 1998. Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, 1300–1185 BC. Probleme der Ägyptologie 11. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-*10984-6
Hasel, Michael G. 2003. "Merenptah's Inscription and Reliefs and the Origin of Israel" in Beth Alpert Nakhai ed. The Near East in the Southwest: Essays in Honor of William G. Dever, pp. 19–44. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 58. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research. ISBN 0-89757-065-0
Hasel, Michael G. 2004. "The Structure of the Final Hymnic-Poetic Unit on the Merenptah Stela." Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 116:75–81.
Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson. 1994. "The Physical Text of Merneptah's Victory Hymn (The 'Israel Stela')." Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 24:71–76.
Kitchen, Kenneth A. Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated & Annotated Translations. Volume 4: Merenptah & the Late Nineteenth Dynasty. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2003. ISBN 0-631-18429-5
Kuentz, Charles. 1923. "Le double de la stèle d'Israël à Karnak." Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale 21:113–117.
Lichtheim, Miriam. 1976. Ancient Egyptian Literature, A Book of Readings. Volume 2: The New Kingdom. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Manassa, Colleen. 2003. The Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah: Grand Strategy in the Thirteenth Century BC. Yale Egyptological Studies 5. New Haven: Yale Egyptological Seminar, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Yale University. ISBN 0-9740025-0-X
Redford, Donald Bruce. 1992. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Redmount, Carol A. 'Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt' in The Oxford History of the Biblical World, ed: Michael D. Coogan, (Oxford University Press: 1999),
Stager, Lawrence E. 1985. "Merenptah, Israel and Sea Peoples: New Light on an Old Relief." Eretz Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographic Studies 18:56*–64*.
Stager, Lawrence E. 2001. "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel" in Michael Coogan ed. The Oxford History of the Biblical World, pp. 90–129. New York: Oxford University Press.
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