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Nitroglycerin (NG), (alternative spelling of nitroglycerine) also known as trinitroglycerin (TNG), nitro, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), or 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane, is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitric acid ester. Chemically, the substance is an organic nitrate compound rather than a nitro compound, but the traditional name is retained. Invented in 1847 by Ascanio Sobrero, nitroglycerin has been used ever since as an active ingredient in the manufacture of explosives, namely dynamite, and as such it is employed in the construction, demolition, and mining industries. Since the 1880s, it has been used by militaries as an active ingredient and gelatinizer for nitrocellulose in some solid propellants such as cordite and ballistite. It is a major component in double-based smokeless propellants used by reloaders. Combined with nitrocellulose, hundreds of powder combinations are used by rifle, pistol, and shotgun reloaders.
Nitroglycerin | |
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IUPAC名 | |
别名 |
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识别 | |
CAS号 | 55-63-0 Y |
PubChem | 4510 |
ChemSpider | 4354 |
SMILES |
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InChI |
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InChIKey | SNIOPGDIGTZGOP-UHFFFAOYAR |
Beilstein | 1802063 |
Gmelin | 165859 |
UN编号 | 0143, 0144, 1204, 3064, 3319 |
EINECS | 200-240-8 |
ChEBI | 28787 |
DrugBank | DB00727 |
KEGG | D00515 |
MeSH | Nitroglycerin |
IUPHAR配体 | 7053 |
性质 | |
化学式 | C3H5N3O9 |
摩尔质量 | 227.09 g·mol−1 |
外观 | Colorless liquid |
密度 | 1.6 g⋅cm−3 (at 15 °C) |
熔点 | 14 °C(287 K) |
沸点 | 50 °C(323 K) |
溶解性(水) | Slightly[1] |
溶解性 | Acetone, ether, benzene, alcohol[1] |
log P | 2.154 |
结构 | |
配位几何 |
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分子构型 |
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爆炸性 | |
撞击感度 | High |
摩擦感度 | High |
相对当量系数 | 1.50 |
热力学 | |
ΔfHm⦵298K | −370 kJ⋅mol−1 |
ΔcHm⦵ | −1.529 MJ⋅mol−1 |
药理学 | |
ATC代码 | C01DA02(C01),C05AE01 |
药品分级 | |
给药途径 | Intravenous, by mouth, under the tongue, topical |
药代动力学: | |
<1% | |
Liver | |
3 min | |
危险性 | |
GHS危险性符号 | |
GHS提示词 | Danger |
H-术语 | H202, H205, H241, H301, H311, H331, H370 |
P-术语 | P210, P243, P250, P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P302+352, P410 |
主要危害 | Explosive, toxic |
NFPA 704 | |
PEL | C 0.2 ppm (2 mg/m3) [skin][2] |
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。 |
Nitroglycerin has been used for over 130 years in medicine as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions, such as angina pectoris and chronic heart failure. Though it was previously known that these beneficial effects are due to nitroglycerin being converted to nitric oxide, a potent venodilator, the enzyme for this conversion was only discovered to be mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) in 2002.[4] Nitroglycerin is available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.[5]