下表显示在维基条目中的一些挪威语的内容如何使用国际音标发音。这里使用的口音是城市东挪威语这种口音使用于奥斯陆地区,是书面挪威语的非官方发音标准,也是外国人最常学习的口音。关于发音的详细资讯请参见挪威语音系学。
More information 辅音, IPA ...
辅音
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IPA
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例子
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最接近的英文等价发音
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b
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bil
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bee
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ç
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kjip
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与 huge 类似
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d
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dag
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day
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ɖ
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sardin[1]
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卷舌的/d/
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ʁd
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(无等价英文发音)
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f
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fot
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foot
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ɡ
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god
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good
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h
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hatt
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hat
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j
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jojo
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yoyo
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k
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kafé
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café
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l
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lake
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lack
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l̩
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little
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ɭ
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Karl[1]
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卷舌的 /l/
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ʁl
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(无等价英文发音)
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m
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man
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man
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n
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natt
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night
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n̩
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natten
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chosen
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ɳ
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barn[1]
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卷舌的 /n/
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ʁn
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(无等价英文发音)
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ɳ̍
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baren
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ŋ
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ting
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thing
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p
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pappa
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papa
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r
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år[1][2]
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闪音或颤音的“r”。
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ʁ
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法语:rester;大约跟苏格兰英语的 loch 相似
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ɽ
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跟西班牙语的 Caro相同,但是是卷舌音。
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ɽ̍
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Vålerengaⓘ
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(无等价英文发音)
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s
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sabel
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sabre
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ʂ
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sjø
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与 shoe 相似,但是卷舌音
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torsdag[1]
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shoe
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ʁs
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(无等价英文发音)
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t
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tirsdag
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tea
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ʈ
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parti[1]
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卷舌的/t/
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ʁt
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(无等价英文发音)
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v
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vaktel
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vat
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元音
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IPA
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例子
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最接近的英文等价发音
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单元音
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ɑ
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fast
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art
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ɑː
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mat
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bra, 标准英音(RP)的 car
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æ
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fersk[3]
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trap
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æː
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ære[3]
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澳洲英语的 mad
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e
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helle[3]
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北美英语与通用英音的 set
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eː
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hel[3]
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苏格兰英语的 save
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i
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sill
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hill
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iː
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i
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need
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ɔ
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åtte[4]
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标准英音的 lot;北美英语的 fort
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ɔː
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mål[4]
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苏格兰语的 stove;标准英音的 law
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ø
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nøtt[4]
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与 Burt相似;与德文的短音ö相同
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øː
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dø[4]
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与 bird 相似,与德文的长音ö 相同
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u
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ond[4]
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put,而嘴唇紧绷
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uː
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bot[4]
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fool
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ʉ
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full[4][5]
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Australian choose; Like German müssen
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ʉː
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ful[4][6]
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Australian goose;与德文的 üben相同
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y
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nytt[4][5]
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跟 hit 有些类似;即把/i/念成圆唇音。与瑞典语 syll [sʏlː] (帮助·关于)。
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yː
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syl[4][6]
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跟 leave 有些相似,即用圆唇发/iː/的音;此音亦与瑞典语的 syll相同
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双元音
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ɑi
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kai[7]
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澳洲英文的 price
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æi
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bein
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澳洲英文的 day
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æʉ
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hauk[4]
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与澳洲英文的 now 有些类似
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ei
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tape[7]
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day
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ɔy
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boikott[4][7]
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boy
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øy
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røyk[4]
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与 house 有些相似
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ʉi
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hui[4][8]
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to eternity
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弱化元音
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ə
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påle
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about
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重音与声调
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IPA
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例子
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解释
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ˈ
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bønder [ˈbønːər] [ˈbønːəʁ]
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第一声/尖音符:[9]
- 在奥斯陆和特隆赫姆是低升调(low-rising):[ˈbø̀nːə̌r]
- 在卑尔根是降低调(falling-low):[ˈbø̂nːə̀ʁ]
- 在斯塔万格是升降调(rising-falling):[ˈbø̌nːɔ̂ʁ]
- 在一些口音中为单纯的主重音:[ˈbønːər][10]
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²
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bønner [²bønːər] [²bønːəʁ]
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第二声/重音符:[9]
- 在奥斯陆和特隆赫姆是降升调(falling-rising):[ˈbø̂nːə̌r]
- 在卑尔根是升降调(rising-falling):[ˈbø̌nːə̂ʁ]
- 在斯塔万格是重降调(falling-falling):[ˈbø̂nːɔ̂ʁ]
- 在一些口音中为单纯的主重音:[ˈbønːər][10]
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Close
注解
在许多拥有舌尖卷舌音的方言中,a recursive Sandhi process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of /r/ and dental consonants /rd/, /rl/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex consonant realizations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern and Western Norwegian dialects, they are [ʁd], [ʁl], [ʁn], [ʁs], [ʁt].
/r/ varies considerably in different dialects: it is alveolar in some dialects and uvular in others.
Before /r/, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: /eː/ and /e/ lower to [æː] and [æ].
[ɔ, ɔː, ø, øː, y, yː, ɔy, øy] are protruded vowels, and [ʉ, ʉː, u, uː] (including the [ʉ] element in [æʉ] and [ʉi]) are compressed; see roundedness for details.
The distinction between compressed [ʉ] and protruded [y] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- Norwegian compressed [ʉ] sounds very close to German compressed [ʏ] (as in müssen [ˈmʏsn̩] (帮助·关于)).
- Norwegian protruded [y] sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ] (as in hit) than to German compressed [ʏ], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [ʏ] (as in syll [sʏlː] (帮助·关于)).
The distinction between compressed [ʉː] and protruded [yː] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- 挪威语 compressed [ʉː] sounds very close to German compressed [yː] (as in üben [ˈyːbn̩] (帮助·关于)).
- 挪威语 protruded [yː] sounds more similar to English unrounded [iː] (as in leave) than to German compressed [yː], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [yː] (as in syl [syːl] (帮助·关于)).
/ɑi, ei, ɔy/ appear only in loanwords. /ei/ is used only by some younger speakers, who contrast it with /æi/; speakers who do not have /ei/ in their diphthong inventory replace it with /æi/ (Kristoffersen (2000:19页)).
除非必要,否则条目中一般不会使用严式标音标注挪威语字词的声调。
一些口音只有单纯的主重音,而没有具音高对比的声调。例如,在这些口音中,bønder(农夫)和bønner(豆子)的发音完全相同。
参考资料
- Berulfsen, Bjarne, Norsk Uttaleordbok, Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard), 1969 (挪威语)
- Kristoffersen, Gjert, The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Skaug, Ingebjørg, Norsk språklydlære med øvelser 3rd, Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, 2003 [First published 1996], ISBN 82-456-0178-0 (挪威语)
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit, Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, 1979, ISBN 82-05-10107-8 (挪威语)
- Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 (挪威语)
- Vanvik, Arne, Norsk Uttaleordbok: A Norwegian pronouncing dictionary, Oslo: Fonetisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, 1985, ISBN 978-8299058414
外部链接
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