帮助:爱尔兰语国际音标

下列图表展示了国际音标（IPA）在维基百科条目中表示爱尔兰语发音的方式。对于有关在维基百科条目中添加IPA字符的指南，请参见{{IPA-ga}}、{{IPAc-ga}}与Wikipedia:格式手册/音标 § Notes。

这页是维基百科的爱尔兰语国际音标发音指南。

快捷方式 H:IPA-GA

请参阅爱尔兰语音系以更全面地了解爱尔兰语的发音。

图表

辅音^[1]

宽辅音			窄辅音
IPA	示例	英语及其他语言中的近似发音	IPA	示例	英语中的近似发音
bˠ	bain, scuab	boot	bʲ	béal, cnáib	beautiful
d̪ˠ	dorn, nead	do (但是为齿音), though (爱尔兰英语)	dʲ	dearg, cuid	media
fˠ	fós, graf, pholl	fool	fʲ	fíon, stuif, phríosún	fuel
ɡ	gasúr, bog	goose	ɟ	geata, carraig	argue
ɣ	dhorn, ghasúr	西班牙语 higo	j[2]	dhearg, gheata	yellow
h[3]	Shasana, shean, thaisce, theanga, hata, na héisc	hand	不适用
k	cáis, mac	cart	c	ceist, mic	cube
l̪ˠ[4]	labhair, balla	filth	l̠ʲ[4]	leabhair, goilleadh	million
lˠ[4]	fhlaith, bealach	pool	lʲ[4]	fhleasc, goile	leaf
mˠ	mór, am	moot	mʲ	milis, im	mute
n̪ˠ[5]	naoi, donna	tenth	n̠ʲ[5]	ní, bainne	inch
nˠ[5]	dona	noon	nʲ[5]	bainis	opinion
ŋ	ngasúr	long	ɲ	ngeata	angular
pˠ	poll, stop	poor	pʲ	príosún, truip	pure
ɾˠ	barr, carr	rule (但是为闪音)	ɾʲ	fhréamh, tirim	real (但是为闪音)
sˠ	Sasana, tús, speal	soon	ʃ	sean, cáis	sheet
t̪ˠ	taisce, ceart	tool (但是为齿音), thorn (爱尔兰英语)	tʲ	tír, beirt	tune (非yod脱落（英语：英语复辅音音系史）口音)
w[6]	bhain, dubh, mhór, léamh, vóta	wood 或 voodoo	vʲ	bhéal, sibh, mhilis, nimh, veidhlín	view
x	cháis, taoiseach	loch (苏格兰英语)	ç	cheist, deich, theann, theocht, thiúilip, thiocfadh, thiubh	hue (pronounced strongly)

元音

IPA	示例	英语中的近似发音	IPA	示例	英语中的近似发音
a	mac	trap	aː	tá	father
ɛ	ceist	best	eː	mé, gael	pay
ɪ	ith, duine	kit	iː	mín, naoi	mean
ɔ	olc, deoch	core	oː	bó, ceol	roll
ʊ	dubh, fliuch	good	uː	tú	too
ə	solas, milis	sofa	不适用

双元音

IPA	示例	英语中的近似发音
iə[7]	bia	idea
uə[7]	fuar	truant
əi[7]	saghas	light
əu[7]	leabhar	about

超音段音位

IPA	解释
ˈ	主重音 (置于重读音节前)； 通常为第一个音节，芒斯特方言（英语：Munster Irish）除外
ˌ	次重音 (通常只在合成词中)

各类音标系统比较

各类资料中使用的音标系统会与维基百科有出入。例如，长期以来的传统是不标记软腭化（“宽”）辅音，但用角分符号标记腭化（“窄”）辅音，但这不是标准的IPA用法。

本节将维基百科使用的IPA系统（基于Ailbhe Ní Chasaide在《国际语音学学会手册》 (ISBN 0-521-63751-1) 中对爱尔兰语的描述）与其他资料中使用的音标系统进行比较。

IPA	Ní Chasaide (1999)[8] (Gweedore)	Quiggin (1906)[9] (Glenties)	Breatnach (1947)[10] (Ring)	Ó Sé (2000)[11] (Dingle Peninsula)	Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)[12] (Erris)	Ó Siadhail (1988)[13] (Cois Fharraige)	Foclóir Póca (1993)[14] (Lárchanúint)
a	a	æ, α	a	a	a	æ:, a:	a
aː	æ	α:	a:	ɑː	a:	ɑ:	a:
bˠ	bˠ	b	b	b	b	b	b
bʲ	bʲ	b′	b′	b′	b′	b′	b′
c	c	k′	k′	k′	k′	k′	k′
ç	ç	ç	ç	x′	ç	x′	x′
d̪ˠ	d̪ˠ	d	d	d	d	d	d
dʲ	d̠ʲ	d′	d′	d′	d′	d′	d′
eː	e	e:	e:	eː	e:	e:	e:
ɛ	ɛ	ɛ, e	e	e	e	e	e
ə	ə	ə	ə	ə, ɪ	ə	ə	ə
əi	—	αi	əi	ai	əi	ai	ai
əu	au	αu	əu	ou	əu	au	au
fˠ	fˠ	f	f	f	f	f	f
fʲ	fʲ	f′	f′	f′	f′	f′	f′
ɡ	ɡ	g	g	ɡ	g	g	g
ɣ	ɣ	ℊ	γ	ɣ	ɣ	ɣ	γ
h	h	h	h, h′	h	h	h	h
iː	i	i:	i:	iː	i:	i:	i:
ɪ	ɪ	ï, i, y	i	i	i	i	i
iə	ia	iə	iə	iːə	iə	i:ə	iə
j	j	j	j	ɣ′	j	ɣ′	γ′
ɟ	ɟ	g′	g′	ɡ′	g′	g′	g′
k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k
l̪ˠ	l̪ˠ	L	l	l	L	L	l
lˠ		l			l
l̠ʲ	l̠ʲ	L′	l′	l′	L′	L′	l′
lʲ	l	l′			l′	l′
mˠ	mˠ	m	m	m	m	m	m
mʲ	mʲ	m′	m′	m′	m′	m′	m′
n̪ˠ	n̪ˠ	N	n	n	N	N	n
nˠ	n	n			n
n̠ʲ	n̠ʲ	N′	n′	n′	N′	N′	n′
nʲ		n′			n′	n′
ɲ	ɲ	ɲ	ŋ′	ŋ′	ŋ′	ŋ′	ŋ′
ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ
oː	o	o:, ɔ:	o:	oː	o:	o:	o:
ɔ	ʌ	ɔ, o̤	o	o	o	o	o
pˠ	pˠ	p	p	p	p	p	p
pʲ	pʲ	p′	p′	p′	p′	p′	p′
ɾˠ	ɾˠ	r, R	r	r	r	r	r
ɾʲ	ɾʲ	r′	r′	r′	r′	r′	r′
sˠ	sˠ	s	s	s	s	s	s
ʃ	ɕ	ʃ	ʃ	ʃ	ʃ	s′	s′
t̪ˠ	t̪ˠ	t	t	t	t	t	t
tʲ	t̠ʲ	t′	t′	t′	t′	t′	t′
uː	u	u:	u:	uː	u:	u:	u:
ʊ	ɤ	U	u	u	u	u	u
uə	ua	uə	uə	uːə	uə	u:ə	uə
vʲ	vʲ	v	v′	v′	v′	w′	v′
w	w	w	v	v	w	w	v
x	x	χ	x	x	x	x	x

注释

1. Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ˠ› (that is not a capital Y but a Latin letter, based on a Greek lowercase gamma, ‹γ›), are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents like RP and General American but not Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ʲ›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate like the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e› and ‹i›.
2. Also [ʝ] in some positions in some dialects.
3. /h/ is neither broad nor slender.
4. Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of L sound. Most dialects have merged /l̪ˠ/ and /lˠ/ as [l̪ˠ], and some have also merged /l̠ʲ/ and /lʲ/ as [lʲ]. Still others have merged /lˠ/ and /lʲ/ as [l].
5. Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of N sound. Most dialects have merged /n̪ˠ/ and /nˠ/ as [n̪ˠ], and some have also merged /n̠ʲ/ and /nʲ/ as [nʲ]. Still others have merged /nˠ/ and /nʲ/ as [n]. In parts of Munster, /n̠ʲ/ has merged with /ɲ/ in non-initial position.
6. [w~βˠ~vˠ] depending on dialect and position.
7. All Irish diphthongs have falling sonority; they could therefore more precisely be transliterated as [iə̯, uə̯, əi̯, əu̯].
8. Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe. Irish (PDF). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1999: 111–116. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
9. Quiggin, E. C. A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1906.
10. Breatnach, Risteard B. The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1947. ISBN 0-901282-50-2.
11. Ó Sé, Diarmuid. Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne. Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann. 2000. ISBN 0-946452-97-0 （Irish）. 引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型 (link)
12. Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn. The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1968. ISBN 0-901282-02-2.
13. Ó Siadhail, Mícheál. Learning Irish: An Introductory Self-tutor. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-300-04224-8.
14. Foclóir póca: English-Irish/Irish-English dictionary. Dublin: An Gúm. 1993. ISBN 1-85791-047-8.

外部链接

• Irish Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Irish Text to IPA Phonetic Transcription