链球菌 (学名:Streptococcus )是一类球形的革兰氏阳性 细菌 ,属于厚壁菌门 的一个属 。这些细菌细胞分裂 时总是沿一个轴,所以通常成对或者链状的。因为这些特征,他们被称作“链球菌”,区别于可以沿多个轴分裂而形成一团细胞的“葡萄球菌”(Staphylococcus )。链球菌属包含了很多个种 ,其中多数是在人和动物表皮,呼吸道等处的共生菌(commensal flora),也有对人类有益的菌种如嗜热链球菌 (Streptococcus thermophilus),但其中也有相当数量的致病菌 种。
Quick Facts 链球菌属, 科学分类 ...
链球菌属
肺炎链球菌
科学分类
域:
细菌域 Bacteria
门:
芽孢杆菌门 Bacillota
纲:
芽孢杆菌纲 Bacilli
目:
乳杆菌目 Lactobacillales
科:
链球菌科 Streptococcaceae
属:
链球菌属 Streptococcus Rosenbach, 1884
模式种
化脓性链球菌 Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach, 1884
种
见正文
Close
一般以兰斯菲尔德分类法 (Lancefield classification)和溶血类型 划分。例如产脓链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes )为兰斯菲尔德一型(Group A)并为β溶血类型(β-haemolytic)。
肺炎链球菌 (Streptococcus pneumoniae )没有兰斯菲尔德抗原,但是可以根据它是从呼吸道中提取,显微镜下为双球菌状(diplococcus),α溶血,菌落呈湿润状(有荚膜生成),中间有凹陷(draughtsman shape,因为有autolysin产生),以确定。
本属包括以下物种:[ 1]
少酸链球菌 Streptococcus acidominimus Ayers & Mudge, 1922
B型链球菌 Streptococcus agalactiae Lehmann & Neumann, 1896
非解乳糖链球菌 Streptococcus alactolyticus Farrow et al., 1985
咽峡炎链球菌 Streptococcus anginosus (Andrewes and Horder 1906) Smith and Sherman 1938
南方链球菌 Streptococcus australis Willcox et al. 2001
阿齐兹链球菌 Streptococcus azizii Shewmaker et al. 2017
奶牛乳腺炎链球菌 Streptococcus bovimastitidis de Vries et al. 2018
牛链球菌 Streptococcus bovis Orla-Jensen 1919,为Streptococcus equinus Andrewes and Horder 1906的异名
驯马链球菌 Streptococcus caballi Milinovich et al., 2008
鼠肠链球菌 Streptococcus caecimuris Afrizal et al. 2024[ 2] ,分离自老鼠的盲肠
加勒多尼亚链球菌 Streptococcus caledonicus Foster et al. , 2020
单峰驼链球菌 Streptococcus cameli Kadri et al., 2015
犬链球菌 Streptococcus canis Devriese et al., 1986,狗链球菌
山羊链球菌 Streptococcus caprae Vela et al., 2016
羊链球菌 Streptococcus caprinus Brooker et al. , 1996,异名
海狸链球菌 Streptococcus castoreus Lawson et al., 2005
豚鼠链球菌 Streptococcus caviae Palakawong Na Ayudthaya et al., 2017
Streptococcus cecorum Devriese et al. , 1983,异名
星座链球菌 Streptococcus constellatus (Prévot 1924) Holdeman and Moore, 1974
Streptococcus cremoris Orla-Jensen 1919,异名
大鼠链球菌 Streptococcus criceti Coykendall, 1977,也拼作:Streptococcus cricetus
嵴链球菌 Streptococcus cristatus Handley et al. 1991,也拼作:Streptococcus crista
兔链球菌 Streptococcus cuniculi Vela et al. 2014
Streptococcus cuniculipharyngis Vela et al. , 2022
丹尼尔氏链球菌 Streptococcus danieliae Clavel et al. 2013
Streptococcus defectivus Bouvet et al. , 1989,为Abiotrophia defectiva (Bouvet et al. 1989) Kawamura et al. 1995的异名
野猪牙链球菌 Streptococcus dentapri Takada et al., 2010
驴牙链球菌 Streptococcus dentasini Takada et al., 2013
非洲象牙链球菌 Streptococcus dentiloxodontae Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2016
蝙蝠齿链球菌 Streptococcus dentirousetti Takada & Hirasawa, 2008
Streptococcus dentisani Camelo-Castillo et al. 2014,为Streptococcus oralis subsp. dentisani (Camelo-Castillo et al. 2014) Jensen et al. 2016的异名
德夫里耶斯链球菌 Streptococcus devriesei Collins et al., 2004
负鼠链球菌 Streptococcus didelphis Rurangirwa et al., 2000
Streptococcus difficilis Eldar et al. , 1995,也拼作Streptococcus difficile
汗毛链球菌 Streptococcus downei Whiley et al., 1988
唐氏链球菌 Streptococcus downii Martínez-Lamas et al. , 2020
Streptococcus durans (Collins et al. , 1984) Knight et al. , 1984,异名
停乳链球菌 Streptococcus dysgalactiae (ex Diernhofer 1932) Garvie et al. 1983
停乳链球菌停乳亚种 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae
停乳链球菌似马亚种 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis
内脏链球菌 Streptococcus entericus Vela et al., 2002
马链球菌 Streptococcus equi Sand & Jensen, 1888
马链球菌马亚种 Streptococcus equi subsp. equi
马链球菌兽瘟亚种 Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus
马肠链球菌 Streptococcus equinus Andrewes & Horder, 1906
Streptococcus faecalis Andrewes and Horder 1906,异名
Streptococcus faecium Orla-Jensen 1919,异名
野生链球菌 Streptococcus ferus (ex Coykendall 1977) Coykendall 1983
Streptococcus fryi Tomida et al. , 2021
鸡棚链球菌 Streptococcus gallinaceus Collins et al., 2002
Streptococcus gallinarum Bridge and Sneath 1982,为Enterococcus gallinarum (Bridge and Sneath 1982) Collins et al. 1984的异名
解没食子酸链球菌 Streptococcus gallolyticus Osawa et al. 1996
解没食子酸链球菌解没食子酸亚种 Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus ,过去称为牛链球菌(Streptococcus bovis )生物型i。
解没食子酸链球菌巴氏亚种 Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus ,过去称为牛链球菌(Streptococcus bovis )生物型ii/2
Streptococcus garvieae Collins et al. 1984,为Lactococcus garvieae (Collins et al. 1984) Schleifer et al. 1986的异名
格氏链球菌 Streptococcus gordonii Kilian et al. 1989
灰海豹链球菌 Streptococcus halichoeri Lawson et al., 2004
耐盐链球菌 Streptococcus halotolerans Niu et al., 2016
Streptococcus hansenii Holdeman and Moore 1974,为Blautia hansenii (Holdeman and Moore 1974) Liu et al. 2008的异名
亨氏链球菌 Streptococcus henryi Milinovich et al., 2008
希利尔氏链球菌 Streptococcus hillyeri MacFadyen et al. , 2019
喜马拉雅链球菌 Streptococcus himalayensis Niu et al., 2017
呼和浩特链球菌 Streptococcus hohhotensis Li et al. 2024[ 3]
香港链球菌 Streptococcus hongkongensis Lau et al. , 2013
猪肠链球菌 Streptococcus hyointestinalis Devriese et al. 1988
生殖道链球菌 Streptococcus hyovaginalis Devriese et al., 1997
鲶鱼链球菌 Streptococcus ictaluri Shewmaker et al., 2007
Streptococcus ilei Hyun et al. , 2022
小儿链球菌 Streptococcus infantarius Schlegel et al., 2000
婴儿链球菌 Streptococcus infantis Kawamura et al. 1998
婴儿链球菌婴儿亚种 Streptococcus infantarius subsp infantarius
海豚链球菌 Streptococcus iniae Pier & Madin, 1976
中间链球菌 Streptococcus intermedius Prévot, 1925
Streptococcus intestinalis Robinson et al. , 1988,异名
母乳链球菌 Streptococcus lactarius Martín et al., 2011
Streptococcus lactis (Lister 1873) Löhnis 1909,异名
Streptococcus loxodontisalivarius Saito et al., 2014
巴黎链球菌 Streptococcus lutetiensis Poyart et al., 2002,过去称为牛链球菌(Streptococcus bovis )生物型ii.1
猴链球菌 Streptococcus macacae Beighton et al., 1984
Streptococcus macedonicus Tsakalidou et al. 1998,为Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998) Schlegel et al. 2003的异名
海哺乳动物链球菌 Streptococcus marimammalium Lawson et al., 2005
旱獭链球菌 Streptococcus marmotae Niu et al., 2016
马赛链球菌 Streptococcus massiliensis Glazunova et al., 2006
蒙古沙鼠链球菌 Streptococcus merionis Tappe et al., 2009
小链球菌 Streptococcus minor Vancanneyt et al., 2004
缓症链球菌 Streptococcus mitis Andrewes and Horder 1906
Streptococcus morbillorum (Prévot 1933) Holdeman and Moore 1974,为Gemella morbillorum (Prévot 1933) Kilpper-Bälz and Schleifer 1988的异名
摩洛哥链球菌 Streptococcus moroccensis Kadri et al., 2014
变异链球菌 Streptococcus mutans Clarke, 1924
低聚发酵链球菌 Streptococcus oligofermentans Tong et al. , 2003,为Streptococcus cristatus Handley et al. 1991的异名
口腔链球菌 Streptococcus oralis Bridge and Sneath 1982
卷尾猴口腔链球菌 Streptococcus oricebi Saito et al., 2016
非洲象口腔链球菌 Streptococcus oriloxodontae Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2014
驴口腔链球菌 Streptococcus orisasini Takada et al., 2013
Streptococcus oriscaviae Teng et al. , 2023
鼠口腔链球菌 Streptococcus orisratti Zhu et al., 2000
猪口腔链球菌 Streptococcus orisuis Takada & Hirasawa, 2007
羊链球菌 Streptococcus ovis Collins et al., 2001
羊乳房链球菌 Streptococcus ovuberis Zamora et al. 2017
太平洋链球菌 Streptococcus pacificus Volokhov et al. , 2021
牙齿链球菌 Streptococcus panodentis Okamoto et al., 2016
藏羚羊链球菌 Streptococcus pantholopis Bai et al., 2016
Streptococcus parapneumoniae [ 4]
副血链球菌 Streptococcus parasanguinis Whiley et al. 1990,也拼作Streptococcus parasanguis
副猪链球菌 Streptococcus parasuis Nomoto et al., 2015
副乳房链球菌 Streptococcus parauberis Williams & Collins, 1990
Streptococcus parvulus (Weinberg et al. , 1937) Cato 1983,为Lancefieldella parvula (Weinberg et al. 1937) Nouioui et al. 2018的异名
Streptococcus pasteurianus Poyart et al. 2002,为Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus (Poyart et al. 2002) Schlegel et al. 2003的异名
杀对虾链球菌 Streptococcus penaeicida Morales-Covarrubias et al. 2018
泛口腔链球菌 Streptococcus peroris Kawamura et al., 1998
咽喉部链球菌 Streptococcus pharyngis Vela et al. 2015,为Streptococcus cuniculipharyngis Vela et al. 2022的异名
海豹链球菌 Streptococcus phocae Skaar et al., 1994
Streptococcus plantarum Collins et al. , 1984,为Lactococcus plantarum (Collins et al. 1984) Schleifer et al. 1986的异名
Streptococcus pleomorphus Barnes et al. , 1979,为Faecalicoccus pleomorphus (Barnes et al. 1979) De Maesschalck et al. 2014的异名
多动物源链球菌 Streptococcus pluranimalium Devriese et al., 1999
多内器官链球菌 Streptococcus plurextorum Vela et al., 2009
肺炎链球菌 Streptococcus pneumoniae (Klein 1884) Chester 1901
猪心链球菌 Streptococcus porci Vela et al., 2010
豕链球菌 Streptococcus porcinus Collins et al. 1985
小猪链球菌 Streptococcus porcorum Vela et al., 2011
假肺炎链球菌 Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae Arbique et al. 2005
假豕链球菌 Streptococcus pseudoporcinus Bekal et al., 2007
化脓性链球菌 Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach, 1884,也称化脓链球菌
Streptococcus raffinolactis Orla-Jensen and Hansen 1932,为Lactococcus raffinolactis (Orla-Jensen and Hansen 1932) Schleifer et al. 1988的异名
棉子糖链球菌 Streptococcus raffinosi Nguyen et al. 2024[ 5]
鼠链球菌 Streptococcus ratti Coykendall, 1977,也拼作:Streptococcus rattus
呼吸系统链球菌 Streptococcus respiraculi Niu et al. 2018
里夫链球菌 Streptococcus rifensis Kadri et al., 2014
鲁布纳氏链球菌 Streptococcus rubneri Huch et al., 2013
反刍链球菌 Streptococcus ruminantium Tohya et al., 2017
Streptococcus ruminicola Park et al. 2023[ 6]
羚羊链球菌 Streptococcus rupicaprae Vela et al., 2011
Streptococcus saccharolyticus Farrow et al. , 1985,为Enterococcus saccharolyticus (Farrow et al. 1985) Rodrigues and Collins 1991的异名
Streptococcus salivarius (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Farrow & Collins, 1984
唾液链球菌 Streptococcus salivarius Andrewes & Horder, 1906
唾液链球菌唾液亚种 Streptococcus salivarius salivarius
唾液链球菌嗜热亚种 Streptococcus salivarius thermophilus
非洲象口水链球菌 Streptococcus saliviloxodontae Saito et al., 2014
血链球菌 Streptococcus sanguinis White & Niven, 1946,也拼作:Streptococcus sanguis
Streptococcus sciuri Volokhov et al. 2023[ 7]
Streptococcus shiloi Eldar et al. , 1995,为Streptococcus iniae Pier and Madin 1976的异名
中华链球菌 Streptococcus sinensis Woo et al., 2002
表兄链球菌 Streptococcus sobrinus (ex Coykendall 1974) Coykendall 1983
猪链球菌 Streptococcus suis (ex Elliott, 1966) Kilpper-Bälz and Schleifer, 1987
丹吉尔链球菌 Streptococcus tangierensis Kadri et al., 2015
Streptococcus taonis Lee et al. 2024[ 8]
Streptococcus thalassemiae Diouf et al. 2023[ 9]
嗜热链球菌 Streptococcus thermophilus Orla-Jensen, 1919
托尔豪特镇链球菌 Streptococcus thoraltensis Devriese et al., 1997
Streptococcus tigurinus Zbinden et al. , 2012,为Streptococcus oralis subsp. tigurinus (Zbinden et al. 2012) Jensen et al. 2016的异名
Streptococcus toyakuensis Wajima et al. , 2022
黑猩猩链球菌 Streptococcus troglodytae Okamato et al., 2013
染病黑猩猩链球菌 Streptococcus troglodytidis Zhang et al., 2013
乳房链球菌 Streptococcus uberis Diernhofer, 1932
脲链球菌 Streptococcus urinalis Collins et al., 2000
熊口腔链球菌 Streptococcus ursoris Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al. , 2011
前庭链球菌 Streptococcus vestibularis Whiley & Hardie, 1988
Streptococcus vicugnae Volokhov et al. , 2021
Streptococcus waius Flint et al. , 1999,为Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998) Schlegel et al. 2003的异名
加州海狮链球菌 Streptococcus zalophi Volokhov et al. , 2021
流行链球菌 Streptococcus zooepidemicus ,异名
链球菌通常寄生在口腔、皮肤、肠道和上呼吸道,因为其它共生菌的竞争和免疫系统它们一般不会造成疾病,所以被认为是人的正常共生菌落的一部分。但是当某些特定的菌株进入人体,并在特定组织或器官建立起感染时,便会引发疾病。链球菌的种类很多,可以感染人体的多种部位,导致多种不同疾病。
链球菌会通过以下特定的方式传播:
物理接触。
通过被链球菌污染的食物及其盛放器具。
通过咳嗽,喷嚏等反应从呼吸道中带出细菌。
琼脂平碟上的红细胞,用于诊断感染。左边的碟子显示葡萄状球菌感染阳性。右边的碟子显示链球菌感染阳性,圆晕显示为一型链球菌感染。
链球菌属(Streptococcus )中,以兰斯菲尔德分类法 划分可以导致疾病的种有:
一型链球菌(Group A Streptococci),如产脓链球菌 (Streptococcus pyogenes ) 造成一型链球菌感染(Group A streptococcal infection)。
产脓链球菌会感染成年人,导致发烧,喉咙痛(链球菌性咽炎 ),颈部淋巴肿大。当被感染时,小孩可能会有喉咙痛、皮疹、腹部绞痛等症状,医生可以从咽喉提取样本进行培养和生化测试以确诊。值得注意的是产脓链球菌和很多其它链球菌有M蛋白抗原(M-protein antigen),这种抗原与心脏肌肉和关节处组织的抗原很相像,长时间的链球菌感染会产生自免疫反应, 增加类风湿性关节炎 和风湿性心肌炎 的危险。
二型链球菌(Group B Streptococci),也称为GBS,如Streptococcus agalactiae ,会导致新生儿和老年人的脑膜炎 ,有时也会导致全身性的细菌性败血症。
链球菌通常也会寄生在女性的生殖道内,产生酸性环境,抑制其它细菌,但是有些二型链球菌会感染生殖道,增加羊膜过早破裂的危险,使胎儿流产。
美国疾病控制预防中心 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)有专门的对GBS的介绍:Preventing Group B Strep Disease (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
四型链球菌(Group D Streptococci):S. durans 、S. avium 、牛链球菌(S. bovis )
肺炎链球菌 (Streptococcus pneumoniae )在很少的情况下(如免疫力降低)从上呼吸道进入下呼吸道再进入肺部,产生肺炎链球菌溶血素(pneumolysin),在肺部建立感染,因免疫反应而使肺部机能失常,导致肺炎 。
草绿色链球菌(Streptococcus viridans )可以导致心内膜炎 和口腔感染。
Reference: Madigan MT. et.al , Brock Biology of Microorgnanisms, 8th Ed, 1997.
Afrizal A, Jennings SAV, Hitch TCA, Riedel T, Basic M, Panyot A, Treichel N, Hager FT, Wong EO, Wolter B, et al. Enhanced cultured diversity of the mouse gut microbiota enables custom-made synthetic communities. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1630-1645.
Li Y, Han F, Wu Y, Li W, Ren D, Su X, Zhao L, Menghe B, Liu W. Streptococcus hohhotensis sp. nov., isolated from the breast milk of a healthy woman. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74:6354.
Identification and characterization of a novel α-haemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus parapneumoniae sp. nov., which caused bacteremia with pyelonephritis
Nguyen HV, Trinh ATV, Bui LNH, Hoang ATL, Tran QTL, Trinh TT. Streptococcus raffinosi sp. nov., isolated from human breast milk samples. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74:6442.
Park SY, Muhammad N, Kim SG, Kwon H, Seo S, Kim JH. Streptococcus ruminicola sp. nov., new species of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) isolated from the rumen of Korean domestic ruminants. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:636.
Volokhov DV, Zagorodnyaya TA, Furtak VA, Nattanmai G, Randall L, Jose S, Gao Y, Eisenberg T, Delmonte P, Blom J, et al. Streptococcus sciuri sp. nov., Staphylococcus marylandisciuri sp. nov. and Staphylococcus americanisciuri sp. nov., isolated from faeces of eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:6015.
Lee CY, Chan CK, Chida M, Miyashita M, Lee YS, Wu HC, Chang YC, Lin WT, Chen YS. Streptococcus taonis sp. nov., a novel bacterial species isolated from a blood culture of a patient. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:168.
Diouf FS, Beye M, Gaye M, Mbaye B, Alibar S, Sarr M, Dubourg G, Lagier JC, Sokhna C, Fenollar F, et al. Description of Streptococcus thalassemiae sp. nov., a Bacterium Isolated from Human Blood. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:3802590.