蜾 ( guǒ ) 蠃 ( luǒ ) 亚科 (学名:Eumeninae )是胡蜂科 之下五个亚科之一,是一类分布于全球的黄蜂 ,也是胡蜂科之下生物多样性最高的一个亚科。有部分文献将本亚科提升至科级,是为蜾蠃科 (学名:Eumenidae )。
Quick Facts 蜾蠃亚科, 科学分类 ...
蜾蠃亚科
Ancistrocerus species[ 1]
科学分类
界:
动物界 Animalia
门:
节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲:
昆虫纲 Insecta
目:
膜翅目 Hymenoptera
总科:
胡蜂总科 Vespoidea
科:
胡蜂科 Vespidae
亚科:
蜾蠃亚科 Eumeninae
多样性
本亚科有接近200个属、3000个物种。
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本亚科物种普遍均为色黑或棕,常带有鲜明的黄色、白色、橙色、红色、甚或上述各色混合的斑纹。
美国 南卡罗来纳州 一幅砖墙上有一个由蜾蠃建的巢。
蜾蠃亚科大多数独栖,雌蜂在交配 后会选择合适的地点筑巢,并在巢内繁衍后代[ 2] 。蜾蠃亚科物种筑巢 方法多样,有些会利用现有由其他鞘翅目 或膜翅目 物种曾在木块上建立的废弃管道里栖息;也有些会在人工建筑(如:建筑物或电子部件上的钻孔或钉孔)里栖息;但大多数会在地底或地面上利用沙泥筑成巢穴 。它们的巢穴不像其他蜂类那样有多室,而是一般只有一个窝室,少数会有多于一个。因此,过往有假设认为蜾蠃亚科物种正处于从独居到的有阶级真社会性结构的过渡期[ 3] 。蜾蠃用来筑巢的泥沙会以反吐 出来的水黏合,但有不少物种会用咀嚼过后的植物 来黏合。
蜾蠃亚科的雌蜂通常通过分泌毒素麻痹猎物[ 4] ,主要捕食鳞翅目 昆虫[ 5] ,将其置于虫室内供孵化幼虫取食,随后用泥块密封虫室和巢口[ 6] [ 7] 。
蜾蠃亚科是胡蜂科 五个亚科之中生物多样性 最高的一个,有205个属、3700多个物种 [ 8] [ 9] [ 10] 。Zethinae 亚科的成员过往亦属于蜾蠃亚科,但近年的研究认为这些物种在存在会令本亚科成为一个并系群 ,因为将它们抽出来自组一个亚科[ 3] 。
蜾蠃亚科包括以下属:
Abispa Mitchell, 1838
Acanthodynerus Gusenleitner, 1969
Acarodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
Acarozumia Bequaert, 1921
Afrepipona Giordani Soika, 1965
Afreumenes Bequaert, 1926
Afrodynerus Giordani Soika, 1934
Afrogamma Giordani Soika, 1987
Afroxanthodynerus Giordani Soika, 1979
Alastor Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841
Alastorynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Alfieria Giordani Soika, 1934
Allepipona Giordani Soika, 1987
Allodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Allorhynchium Vecht, 1963
Alphamenes Bertoni, 1934
Ancistroceroides Saussure, 1855
Antamenes Giordani Soika, 1957
啄蜾蠃属 Antepipona de Saussure, 1855
Anterhynchium de Saussure, 1863
Antezumia de Saussure, 1875
Antherhynchium
Antodynerus Saussure, 1855
Apodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
Araucodynerus Willink, 1968
Archancistrocerus Giordani Soika, 1986
Argentozethus Stange, 1979
Aruodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
Asiodynerus Kurzenko, 1977
Astalor Schulthess, 1925
Australodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
Australozethus Giordani-Soika, 1969
Belonogaster de Saussure, 1854
Brachymenes Giordani Soika, 1961
Brachyodynerus Bluethgen, 1938
Brachypipona Gusenleitner, 1967
Calligaster de Saussure, 1852
Carinstrocerus Giordani Soika, 1989
Catilostenus Meunier, 1888
Cephalastor Giordani Soika, 1982
Cephalochilus Blüthgen, 1939
Cephalodynerus Parker, 1965
Chartergus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1836
Chelodynerus Perkins, 1902
Chlorodynerus Bluethgen, 1951
Chlunodynerus
Clorodynerus
Coeleumenes Vecht, 1963
Coelodynerus
Convextrocerus Giordani Soika, 1989
Crassodynerus
Crastinocerus
Crestocranius
Ctenochilus Saussure, 1856
Cuyodynerus Willink, 1968
Cyphodynerus
Cyphomenes Giordani Soika, 1978
Cyrtalastor Giordani Soika, 1989
Cyrteumenes Giordani Soika, 1991
细蜾蠃属 Cyrtolabulus Van der Vecht, 1969
Delta Saussure, 1855
Deuterodiscoelius Dalla Torre, 1904
Diemodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
Discoelius Latreille, 1809
Dolichodynerus Bohart, 1939
外舌蜾蠃属 Ectopioglossa Perkins, 1912
Elimus de Saussure, 1852
Elisella Soika, 1974
Epiodynerus Giordani Soika, 1957
Epsilon Saussure, 1855
Eremodynerus Blüthgen, 1939
Erodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
Eudiscoelius Friese, 1904
Eumenemorphus Gusenleitner, 1995
Eumenestiferus Meunier, 1888
Eumenidiopsis Giordani Soika, 1939
Eumicrodynerus Gusenleitner, 1972
Eunortonia Carpenter, 1985
Euodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Euodynerus Ma, Chen & Li, 2017
Eustenancistrocerus Blüthgen, 1938
Flammodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
Flavoleptus Giordani Soika, 1992
Gamma Zavattari, 1912
Gastrodynerus Bohart, 1984
Gibberhynchium
Gioiella Giordani Soika, 1985
Giordania Gusenleitner, 1995
Globepipona Gusenleitner, 1998
Globodynerus Giordani Soika, 1987
Gribodia Zavattari, 1912
Gymnomerus Blüthgen, 1938
Harmorhynchium Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
Hemipterochilis
Hemipterochilus Ferton, 1909
Hirtocoelius Giordani Soika, 1992
Hoplomerus
Hypalastoroides Saussure, 1856
Hypancistrocerus Saussure, 1855
Incodynerus Willink, 1968
Intereuodynerus Gusenleitner, 1997
Interzumia Gusenleitner, 2002
Irianmenes Giordani Soika, 1993
Ischnocoelia Perkins, 1908
Ischnogasteroides Magretti, 1884
Jucancistrocerus Bluethgen, 1938
黄斑蜾蠃属 Katamenes Meade-Waldo, 1910
Kennetia
Knemodynerus Blüthgen, 1940
Labochilus Bluthgen, 1939
小柄蜾蠃属 Labus de Saussure, 1867
Laevimenes Giordani Soika, 1978
Lamellodynerus Gusenleitner, 1999
Latimenes Giordani Soika, 1992
Latrodynerus
Leionotus Saussure, 1853
Leptocheilus
Leptochiloides Bohart, 1940
Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853
Leptodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Leptomenes Giordani Soika, 1939
Leptomenoides Giordani Soika, 1962
细盾蜾蠃属 Leptomicrodynerus Giordani Soika, 1985
Leptopterocheilus Giordani Soika, 1953
Leucodynerus Bohart, 1982
Lissepipona Giordani Soika, 1995
Lissodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
Macrocalymma Perkins, 1908
Malagassodynerus Gusenleitner, 1992
Malayepipona Giordani Soika, 1993
Malgachemenes Gusenleitner, 1992
Maricopodynerus Viereck, 1908
Mecodynerus
Micreumenes Ashmead, 1902
Microdynerus Thomson, 1874
Minixi Giordani Soika, 1978
Mitrodynerus
Monobia de Saussure, 1852
Monodynerus Gusenleitner, 1982
Montezumia de Saussure, 1852
Nannodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Nesodynerus Perkins, 1901
Nestocoelius Giordani Soika, 1992
Nirtenia Giordani Soika, 1989
Nortonia de Saussure, 1869
Nortozumia Van der Vecht, 1937
Odontodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Okinawepipona Yamane, 1987
Omicrabulus Giordani Soika, 1987
Omicroides Giordani Soika, 1935
Omicron de Saussure, 1855
Onychopterocheilus Bluethgen, 1955
Orancistrocerus Vecht, 1963
奥蜾蠃属 Oreumenes Bequaert, 1926
Oreumenoides Giordani Soika, 1961
Ovodynerus Giordani Soika, 1985
Pachodynerus Saussure, 1875
Pachycoelius Giordani-Soika, 1969
Pachymenes de Saussure, 1852
Pachyminixi Giordani Soika, 1978
Parachilus Goirdani Soika, 1960
Paragymnomerus Blüthgen, 1938
Paralastor Saussure, 1856
Paraleptomenes Giordani Soika, 1970
Paralionotulus Blüthgen, 1938
Paramischocyttarus Magretti, 1884
Parancistrocerus Bequaert, 1925
Paranortonia Bertoni, 1934
Pararaphidoglossa Zavattari, 1912
旁喙蜾蠃属 Pararrhynchium de Saussure, 1855
Paraslator
Paravespa Radoszkowski, 1886
Paravespula Blüthgen, 1938
Parazumia Saussure, 1855
秀蜾蠃属 Pareumenes de Saussure, 1855
Parifodynerus Soika, 1962
Parodontodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Parodynerus de Saussure, 1855
Philippodynerus Gusenleitner, 1996
Phimenes Giordani Soika, 1992
Phimenes de Saussure, 1855
Pirhosigma Giordani Soika, 1978
Plagiolabra Schulthess, 1903
Plocancistrocerus
Polistepipona Giordani Soika, 1989
Polistes Latreille, 1802
Polybia Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1836
Postepipona Soika, 1974
Proepipona Giordani Soika, 1977
Protodiscoelius Dalla Torre, 1904
Pseudabispa Vecht, 1960
Pseudacaromenes Giordani Soika, 1978
Pseudagris Saussure, 1863
Pseudalastor Giordani Soika, 1962
Pseudepipona Dalla Torre
Pseudepipona Saussure, 1856
Pseudochilus Saussure, 1856
Pseudodontodynerus Blüthgen, 1939
Pseudodynerus de Saussure, 1855
Pseudoleptochilus Blüthgen, 1938
Pseudomicrodymerus
Pseudomicrodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Pseudonortonia Timon-David, 1944
Pseudopterocheilus Perkins, 1901
Pseudosymmorphus Blüthgen, 1938
Pseudozethus Perkins, 1914
Pseudozumia Saussure, 1875
Pseumenes Giordani Soika, 1935
Psiliglossa S.S.Saunders, 1852
Pterocheilus Klug, 1805
Pterochilus
Pteromenes Giordani Soika, 1960
Raphiglossa S.S.Saunders, 1850
Raphiglossoides Giordani Soika, 1936
Rhaphiglossa
Rhynchagris Maidl, 1915
Rhynchalastor Meade-Waldo, 1910
Rhynchium Spinola, 1806
Rotundipetiolus Zhang, 1989
Rugomenes Giordani Soika, 1992
Rygchium Spinola, 1806
Santamenes Giordani Soika, 1990
Smeringodynerus Snelling, 1975
Sphaeromenes Giordani Soika, 1978
Spinilabochilus Kurzenko, 1981
Stellepipona Giordani Soika, 1973
Stenancistrocerus Saussure, 1863
Stenodyneriellus Giordani Soika, 1962
Stenodynerus Saussure, 1864
Stenonartonia Giordani Soika, 1973
Stenosigma Giordani Soika, 1978
Stroudia Gribodo, 1892
Subancistrocerus de Saussure, 1855
Symmorphus Wesmael, 1836
Synagis
Synagris Latreille, 1802
Synargris
Syneuodynerus Blüthgen, 1951
Tachyancistrocerus Giordani Soika, 1952
Tachymenes Giordani Soika, 1983
Trachyodynerus Giordani Soika, 1989
Tricarinodynerus Giordani Soika, 1952
Trichodynerus
Tropidodynerus Blüthgen, 1939
Tuleara Gusenleitner, 2000
Xanthodynerus Blüthgen, 1954
Xenorhynchium Vecht, 1963
Zeta de Saussure, 1855
Zeteumenes Bertoni, 1921
Zeteumenidion
Zethus Fabricius, 1804
在农林生态系统中,蜾蠃亚科不仅是农作物 的传粉者,还是农林害虫 的天敌 [ 5] 。
Eumenes pomiformis
Potter's wasp nests, Springdale, AR
Pseudodynerus quadrisectus nest built in a hole bored by a carpenter bee
Phimenes flavopictus nectaring
Phimenes flavopictus
Phimenes flavopictus
Phimenes flavopictus building nest
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