结构语法

结构语法（通常被称为 CxG）是认知语言学领域中的一簇，其提出了结构，或者说语言行为模式与意义的关系，是人类语言中基础的建构单位。结构包涵单词 (aardvark, avocado)，语素 (anti-, -ing)，固定表达与成语 (by and large, jog X's memory)和抽象语法规则，例如英语被动语态 (The cat was hit by a car)或双及物动词 (Mary gave Alex the ball)。任何的语言行为模式都可以被认为是一个结构，只要其形式的某些方面或其意义无法被从其组成部分或其他被认为存在的语法结构中预测。在结构语法中，每个语句都被理解为是多个不同结构的联合，其一起定义了其精确含义与形式。^[1]

结构语法的支持者认为，语言与文化并不是人为设计的，而是“涌现”，或者在类似物种的自然选择^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]或者像昆虫通过筑巢形成自然结构^[6]的过程中自动建构的。结构可以对应到演化器或模因学中的模因与其它的文化演化器理论。^[7]^[8]^[5]^[9]然而它也存在不被承认为文化演进的原创模型、基础部分与模因学相同的争议。^[10]建构语法与意图描述人类理性与创意行为是如何自主发生与无意识进行的几种认知语言学的概念相关。^[11]^[6]

引用

[1]
Goldberg, Adele. Constructions at Work: The Nature of Generalization in Language. New York: Oxford University Press. 2006: 5–10. ISBN 0-19-9-268525.
[2]
Croft, William. The relevance of an evolutionary model to historical linguistics. Nedergaard Thomsen, Ole (编). Competing Models of Linguistic Change: Evolution and Beyond. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 279. John Benjamins. 2006: 91–132. ISBN 978-90-272-4794-0. doi:10.1075/cilt.279.08cro.
[3]
Beckner, Clay; Blythe, Richard; Bybee, Joan; Christiansen, Morten H.; Croft, William; Ellis, Nick C.; Holland, John; Ke, Jinyun; Larsen-Freeman, Diane; Schoenemann, Tom. Language is a Complex Adaptive System: Position Paper (PDF). Language Learning. 2009, 59 (1): 1–26 [2020-03-04]. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00533.x.
[4]
Cornish, Hannah; Tamariz, Monica; Kirby, Simon. Complex Adaptive Systems and the Origins of Adaptive Structure: What Experiments Can Tell Us (PDF). Language Learning. 2009, 59 (1): 187–205 [2020-06-30]. S2CID 56199987. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00540.x.
[5]
MacWhinney, Brian. Introduction – language emergence. MacWhinney, Brian; O'Grady, William (编). Handbook of Language Emergence. Wiley. 2015: 1–31. ISBN 9781118346136.
[6]
Dahl, Östen. The Growth and Maintenance of Linguistic Complexity. John Benjamins. 2004. ISBN 9781588115546.
[7]
Kirby, Simon. Transitions: the evolution of linguistic replicators. Binder; Smith (编). The Language Phenomenon (PDF). The Frontiers Collection. Springer. 2013: 121–138 [2020-03-04]. ISBN 978-3-642-36085-5. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36086-2_6.
[8]
Zehentner, Eva. Competition in Language Change: the Rise of the English Dative Alternation. De Gruyter Mouton. 2019. ISBN 978-3-11-063385-6.
[9]
Peschek, Ilka. Die Konstruktion als kulturelle Einheit. Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik. 2010, 38 (3): 451–457. S2CID 143951283. doi:10.1515/ZGL.2010.031.
[10]
Blackmore, Susan. Memes shape brains shape memes. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2008, 31 (5): 513 [2020-12-22]. doi:10.1017/S0140525X08005037.
[11]
Lakoff, George; Johnson, Mark. Philosophy in the Flesh : the Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. Basic Books. 1999. ISBN 0465056733.

扩展阅读

Bergen, Benjamin and Nancy Chang. Embodied Construction Grammar in Simulation-Based Language Understanding. In press. J.-O. Östman and M. Fried (eds.). Construction Grammar(s): Cognitive and Cross-Language Dimensions. Johns Benjamins.
Croft, William A. (2001). Radical Construction Grammar: Syntactic Theory in Typological Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Croft, William A. and D. Alan Cruse (2004). Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Feldman, Jerome A. (2006). From Molecule to Metaphor: A Neural Theory of Language . Cambridge : MIT Press.
Fillmore, Charles, Paul Kay and Catherine O'Connor (1988). Regularity and Idiomaticity in Grammatical Constructions: The Case of let alone. Language 64: 501–38.
Goldberg, Adele. (1995) Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Goldberg, Adele (2006). Constructions at Work: The Nature of Generalization in Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hilpert, Martin (2014). Construction Grammar and its Application to English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Lakoff, George (1987). Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago: CSLI.
Langacker, Ronald (1987, 1991). Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. 2 vols. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Michaelis, Laura A. and Knud Lambrecht (1996). Toward a Construction-Based Model of Language Function: The Case of Nominal Extraposition. Language 72: 215–247.
Michaelis, Laura A. and Josef Ruppenhofer (2001). Beyond Alternations: A Construction-Based Account of the Applicative Construction in German. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Michaelis, Laura A. (2004). Type Shifting in Construction Grammar: An Integrated Approach to Aspectual Coercion. Cognitive Linguistics 15: 1–67.
De Beule Joachim and Steels Luc (2005). Hierarchy in Fluid Construction Grammar. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNCS/LNAI) 3698 (2005) pages 1–15). Berlin: Springer.
Steels, Luc and De Beule, Joachim (2006). Unify and merge in fluid construction grammars. In: Vogt, P., Sugita, Y., Tuci, E. and Nehaniv, C., editors, Symbol Grounding and Beyond: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on the Emergence and Evolution of Linguistic Communication, EELC 2006, Rome, Italy, September 30–October 1, 2006, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS/LNAI) Vol. 4211, Berlin. Springer-Verlag. pp. 197–223.

外部链接

[goldberg2006-1] [1]
Goldberg, Adele. Constructions at Work: The Nature of Generalization in Language. New York: Oxford University Press. 2006: 5–10. ISBN 0-19-9-268525.

[Croft_2006-2] [2]
Croft, William. The relevance of an evolutionary model to historical linguistics. Nedergaard Thomsen, Ole (编). Competing Models of Linguistic Change: Evolution and Beyond. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 279. John Benjamins. 2006: 91–132. ISBN 978-90-272-4794-0. doi:10.1075/cilt.279.08cro.

[Beckner_2009-3] [3]
Beckner, Clay; Blythe, Richard; Bybee, Joan; Christiansen, Morten H.; Croft, William; Ellis, Nick C.; Holland, John; Ke, Jinyun; Larsen-Freeman, Diane; Schoenemann, Tom. Language is a Complex Adaptive System: Position Paper (PDF). Language Learning. 2009, 59 (1): 1–26 [2020-03-04]. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00533.x.

[Cornish_etal_2009-4] [4]
Cornish, Hannah; Tamariz, Monica; Kirby, Simon. Complex Adaptive Systems and the Origins of Adaptive Structure: What Experiments Can Tell Us (PDF). Language Learning. 2009, 59 (1): 187–205 [2020-06-30]. S2CID 56199987. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00540.x.

[MacWhinney_2015-5] [5]
MacWhinney, Brian. Introduction – language emergence. MacWhinney, Brian; O'Grady, William (编). Handbook of Language Emergence. Wiley. 2015: 1–31. ISBN 9781118346136.

[Dahl_2004-6] [6]
Dahl, Östen. The Growth and Maintenance of Linguistic Complexity. John Benjamins. 2004. ISBN 9781588115546.

[Kirby_2013-7] [7]
Kirby, Simon. Transitions: the evolution of linguistic replicators. Binder; Smith (编). The Language Phenomenon (PDF). The Frontiers Collection. Springer. 2013: 121–138 [2020-03-04]. ISBN 978-3-642-36085-5. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36086-2_6.

[Zehentner_2019-8] [8]
Zehentner, Eva. Competition in Language Change: the Rise of the English Dative Alternation. De Gruyter Mouton. 2019. ISBN 978-3-11-063385-6.

[Peschek_2010-9] [9]
Peschek, Ilka. Die Konstruktion als kulturelle Einheit. Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik. 2010, 38 (3): 451–457. S2CID 143951283. doi:10.1515/ZGL.2010.031.

[Blackmore_2008-10] [10]
Blackmore, Susan. Memes shape brains shape memes. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2008, 31 (5): 513 [2020-12-22]. doi:10.1017/S0140525X08005037.

[Lakoff&Johnson_1999-11] [11]
Lakoff, George; Johnson, Mark. Philosophy in the Flesh : the Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. Basic Books. 1999. ISBN 0465056733.

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