Loading AI tools
季节性流感疫苗,简称流感疫苗(influenza vaccine,flu shot),为针对流行性感冒(季节性流感)的疫苗。因为流感病毒变化的速度很快,一年会发展新的流感疫苗两次。大部分状况下,疫苗有中度到高度的保护力;然而每年情况略有不同。[2][3]对65岁以上的长者,目前证据较缺乏。[4][5]平均来说,他们可以减少半日因病而上班必须请假的状况。[6]有打疫苗的孩童,可以保护他们周遭的人。[2]
临床资料 | |
---|---|
商品名(英语:Drug nomenclature) | Fluarix、Fluzone、others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
给药途径 | IM、鼻内 |
ATC码 | |
法律规范状态 | |
法律规范 | |
识别信息 | |
CAS号 | 1704512-59-3 |
世界卫生组织和美国疾病控制与预防中心都建议几乎任何大于六个月的人,每年应该施打流感疫苗。[2][7]尤其是孕妇、六个月大至五岁的孩童、有慢性疾病者、美洲原住民、以及医疗相关人员。[2][1]
流感疫苗多分为:(裂解)灭活疫苗(IIV)及裂解亚单位疫苗[8]、减毒活疫苗(LAIV)、重组亚单位疫苗(RIV)[9]。灭活疫苗(含灭活全病毒、灭活裂解、裂解亚单位三个子类[8])最为常用,又分为三价与四价剂型。
其中,对于流感的灭活疫苗是用灭活剂来处理在鸡蛋或细胞培养物中制备的野生型病毒。如果季节性疫苗所包含的病毒在抗原上与最终流行的病毒非常匹配,灭活疫苗通常可以预防一半以上的严重流感相关的疾病[10]。然而,这些人群应禁止接种该疫苗[10]
疫苗通常每年接种一剂,但 6 个月至 8 岁的儿童在一个流感季节可能需要接种两剂。
第二种主要流感疫苗是通过鼻腔喷雾局部注射的三价或四价减毒活疫苗。每年都会制备新的疫苗,以解决抗原漂移问题[10]。该疫苗在美国许可用于 2 至 49 岁的人群[10]。
过去灭活疫苗及减毒疫苗曾产生抗体依赖增强作用使2009年接种季节性甲型H1N1(针对类似A/Brisbane/59/2007的一株)疫苗的人更容易得甲型H1N1pdm09(A/California/7/2009病毒)新型流感。[11]2010年起H1N1株被改为“pandemic系”,2022年为人6B.1a.5a.2系。[12]2011年起开始推广亚单位疫苗。
在每年的季节性流行期间,编码血凝素和神经氨酸酶蛋白的基因都会发生点突变,而这两种蛋白是保护性抗体的主要靶标。流行性流感病毒株的这种抗原漂移导致监管官员和生产商每年都要调整流感疫苗中的病毒抗原。偶尔,人类和禽类共同感染的情况下,分割的病毒基因组会重新出现,产生一种新的病毒,也就是抗原转变,从而导致大流行。1918 年(H1N1)、1957 年(H2N2)、1968 年(H3N2)和 2009 年(新型 H1N1)都发生过全球性的大流行。在这种情况下,必须对疫苗进行重大调整[10]。
以下为北半球每年流感疫苗针对的毒株列表。Starting in the 2012–2013 season, the recommendation shifted from a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) containing three strains to a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) that contains both influenza B lineages.[来源请求]
年度 | H1N1甲流 | 演化支 | 类似猪H1支[note 1] | H3N2甲流 | 演化支 | 乙流Victoria株 | 演化支 | 乙流山形株 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
November 1998–April 1999[13] | A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1)-like virus | 未谱系 | A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virus | N/A | B/Beijing/184/93-like virus | |||
November 1999–April 2000[14] | B/Shangdong/7/97-like virus[note 2] | B/Beijing/184/93-like virus[note 2] | ||||||
2000–2001[15] | A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus | A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus | N/A | B/Beijing/184/93-like virus | ||||
2001–2002[16] | N/A | B/Sichuan/379/99-like virus | ||||||
2002–2003[17] | B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virus | N/A | ||||||
2003–2004[18] | B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virus | N/A | ||||||
2004–2005[19] | A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2)-like virus | N/A | B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus | |||||
2005–2006[20] | A/California/7/2004 (H3N2)-like virus | N/A | B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus | |||||
2006–2007[21] | A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virus | B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus | N/A | |||||
2007–2008[22] | A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virus | B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus | N/A | |||||
2008–2009[23] | A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus | 1B.2.1[12] | A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virus | N/A | B/Florida/4/2006-like virus | |||
2009–2010[24] | B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus | N/A | ||||||
2010–2011[25] | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus | (0)[26] | 1A.3.3.2[12] | A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus | N/A | |||
2011–2012[27] | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus | N/A | ||||||
2012–2013[28] | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09[note 3]-like virus[29] | A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like virus | B/Wisconsin/1/2010-like virus | |||||
2013–2014[30] | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09[note 3]-like virus | A(H3N2) virus antigenically like the cell-propagated prototype virus A/Victoria/361/2011[note 4] | B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus | |||||
2014–2015[31] | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09[note 3]-like virus | A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)-like virus[note 5] | ||||||
2015–2016[32] | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09[note 3]-like virus | A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2)-like virus | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus | |||||
2016–2017[33][34] | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09[note 3]-like virus | A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a | |||||
2017–2018[35][36] | A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09[note 3]-like virus[37] | 6B.1 | 不再使用 | |||||
2018–2019[38][39] | A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09[note 3]-like virus | A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1 | B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage) | ||||
2019–2020[40][41][42] | A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09[note 3]-like virus | 6B.1A.1 | A/Kansas/14/2017 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.3a | ||||
2020–2021 egg-based vaccines[43] | A/Guangdong-Maonan/SWL1536/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus[note 3] | 6B.1A.5a.1 | A/Hong Kong/2671/2019 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1b.1b | B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus | V1A.3 | ||
2020–2021 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines[43] | A/Hawaii/70/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus[note 3] | A/Hong Kong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virus | ||||||
2021–2022 egg-based vaccines[44] | A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus[note 3] | 6B.1A.5a.2 | A/Cambodia/e0826360/2020 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1b.2a.1 | ||||
2021–2022 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines[44] | A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus[note 3] | |||||||
2022–2023 egg-based vaccines[45] | A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | A/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1b.2a.2a | B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus | V1A.3a.2 | |||
2022–2023 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines[45] | A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | A/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)-like virus | ||||||
2023–2024 egg-based vaccines[46] | A/Victoria/4897/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1A.5a.2a.1 | A/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)-like virus | |||||
2023–2024 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines[46] | A/Wisconsin/67/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | A/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)-like virus |
A/Michigan/45/2015 replaces the longstanding A/California/7/2009 and is recommended to improve protection against two subclades that have emerged over the past season.
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.