法拉第波

法拉第波（英语：Faraday waves 或 Faraday ripples），以麦可·法拉第（Michael Faraday）为名，是一种振荡容器中液面的非线性驻波，当其振荡频率超过临界值时，平静液面就会开始不稳，这现象称之为法拉第不稳性。法拉第最早是在1831年皇家学会《自然科学会报》里的一篇文章附录中提到法拉第波^[1]^[2]。

若将一层液体放置在垂直振荡的活塞顶部，在特定的不稳性条件下，会出现以一半活塞频率振荡的驻波^[3]。这与参数共振问题有关。驻波形式可能会是条纹、紧密堆积六边形、甚至是正方形或准周期。常在发出铃铛声的葡萄酒酒杯内的葡萄酒表面，观察到细条纹的法拉第波。法拉第波也能解释佛教法器“磬”里的喷泉现象。

法拉第波及其波长，可以用量子力学里德布罗意-玻姆理论的德布罗意波及其波长来类比^[4]。

应用

法拉第波可作为液体模板，用来引导聚集微小物质，包括软物质、刚体、生物实体(如单一细胞、细胞球体和种有细胞的微珠)。^[5]与固体模板不同，液体模板可以通过调整振动频率和加速度来动态调整，生成各种具对称性及周期性的图案。

这种现象也被鳄鱼用来吸引配偶。它们会在略低水面处以低频振动肺部，导致身上的尖刺移动并引发表面波。这些表面波基本上是法拉第波，可以观察到特定共振造成的飞溅效应。^[6]^[7]

参见

参考资料

[1]
Faraday, M. (1831) "On a peculiar class of acoustical figures; and on certain forms assumed by a group of particles upon vibrating elastic surfaces", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London), vol. 121, pages 299–318. "Faraday waves" are discussed in an appendix to the article, "On the forms and states assumed by fluids in contact with vibrating elastic surfaces" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. This entire article is also available on-line (albeit without illustrations) at "Electronic Library" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
[2]
Others who investigated "Faraday waves" include: (1) Ludwig Matthiessen (1868) "Akustische Versuche, die kleinsten Transversalwellen der Flüssigkeiten betreffend" (Acoustic experiments concerning the smallest transverse waves of liquids) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Annalen der Physik, vol. 134, pages 107–117 ; (2) Ludwig Matthiessen (1870) "Über die Transversalschwingungen tönender tropfbarer und elastischer Flüssigkeiten" (On the transverse vibrations of ringing low-viscosity and elastic liquids) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Annalen der Physik, vol. 141, pages 375–393 ; (3) John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (1883), "On the crispations of fluid resting upon a vibrating support," （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Philosophical Magazine, vol. 16, pages 50–58.
[3]
Wright, P.H.; Saylor, J.R. (September 2003). Patterning of particulate films using Faraday waves (PDF). Review of Scientific Instruments. 74 (9): 4063–4070. [2017-04-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-06-09）.
[4]
John W. M. Bush Department of Mathematics, MIT. Quantum mechanics writ large (PDF). （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-12-15）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 引用错误：没有为名为:0的参考文献提供内容
[6]
Powell, Devin. Horny Male Alligators Bellow With Their Back Spikes. Wired. 2011-05-25 [4 May 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-17）.
[7]
Moriarty, Peter; Holt, R. Glynn. Faraday waves produced by periodic substrates: Mimicking the alligator water dance. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2011, 129 (4): 2411. Bibcode:2011ASAJ..129.2411M. doi:10.1121/1.3587858.

[1] [1]
Faraday, M. (1831) "On a peculiar class of acoustical figures; and on certain forms assumed by a group of particles upon vibrating elastic surfaces", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London), vol. 121, pages 299–318. "Faraday waves" are discussed in an appendix to the article, "On the forms and states assumed by fluids in contact with vibrating elastic surfaces" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. This entire article is also available on-line (albeit without illustrations) at "Electronic Library" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.

[2] [2]
Others who investigated "Faraday waves" include: (1) Ludwig Matthiessen (1868) "Akustische Versuche, die kleinsten Transversalwellen der Flüssigkeiten betreffend" (Acoustic experiments concerning the smallest transverse waves of liquids) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Annalen der Physik, vol. 134, pages 107–117 ; (2) Ludwig Matthiessen (1870) "Über die Transversalschwingungen tönender tropfbarer und elastischer Flüssigkeiten" (On the transverse vibrations of ringing low-viscosity and elastic liquids) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Annalen der Physik, vol. 141, pages 375–393 ; (3) John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (1883), "On the crispations of fluid resting upon a vibrating support," （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Philosophical Magazine, vol. 16, pages 50–58.

[3] [3]
Wright, P.H.; Saylor, J.R. (September 2003). Patterning of particulate films using Faraday waves (PDF). Review of Scientific Instruments. 74 (9): 4063–4070. [2017-04-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-06-09）.

[4] [4]
John W. M. Bush Department of Mathematics, MIT. Quantum mechanics writ large (PDF). （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-12-15）.

[:0-5] 5.0 ^5.1 引用错误：没有为名为:0的参考文献提供内容

[6] [6]
Powell, Devin. Horny Male Alligators Bellow With Their Back Spikes. Wired. 2011-05-25 [4 May 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-17）.

[7] [7]
Moriarty, Peter; Holt, R. Glynn. Faraday waves produced by periodic substrates: Mimicking the alligator water dance. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2011, 129 (4): 2411. Bibcode:2011ASAJ..129.2411M. doi:10.1121/1.3587858.

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