铁角蕨属(学名:Asplenium)为铁角蕨科的一种植物,密被黑褐色或深棕色小鳞片,鳞片为披针形,通常近全绿,基部着生。叶子为远生、近生或簇生,柄为草质,通常为淡绿色、青灰色或栗褐色。铁角蕨属包含约700种植物,广泛分布于世界各地,主要以热带和亚热带地区为主,尤其是热带地区,中国境内现知有110种。
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属名Asplenium源于希腊语a(无)和splenon(脾脏)的合成词,指本属植物供药用。
此蕨类植物可食用,例如山苏(巢蕨)和过猫(过沟菜蕨)的嫩叶烹炒后都可食用。此种植物具有一定的药用价值,例如:清热解毒、调经止血、收敛止带、外用治烧烫伤、外伤、疔疮肿毒、毒蛇咬伤,是常见的民间药用植物。
在台湾,盛产于台湾东部山区,在花莲县常为原住民料理食材。[1]
该属植物根茎呈横走、斜卧或直立状。密被黑褐色或深棕色小鳞片,鳞片为披针形,通常近全缘,基部着生。叶子为远生、近生或簇生,柄为草质,通常为淡绿色、青灰色或栗褐色。
上面有一纵沟,基部不以关节着生,略具鳞片,向上光滑或偶有小鳞片,小鳞片上达叶轴,往往沿羽轴、主脉或叶下疏生,并常呈不规则的星芒状,易脱落;叶片单一,经常为一至三回羽状(三回羽状叶均为细裂),偶为四回羽状;各回羽轴上面有纵沟,羽片或小羽片往往沿纵沟两侧有下延的狭翅,末回小羽片或裂片基部不对称(即上侧为耳形,下侧楔形),有时为对开式的不等边四边形,边缘有锯齿或撕裂。
叶脉分离 ,斜上,在末回小羽片上为一至多回二歧分枝,或在每一末回线状裂片上只有1条不分枝的小脉;小脉通直,不达叶边,多少明显或隆起,并在叶片上下两面略呈沟槽状。叶草质至革质,有时近肉质,干后淡绿色(肉质)、绿色(草质)或棕色(革质),无毛;叶轴顶端或羽片着生处有时有一芽胞,在母株上萌发。
孢子囊群通常线形(有时近椭圆形),通直,沿每组叶脉上侧一脉的一侧(大都为上侧)着生,单生一脉,罕有双生,有囊群盖;囊群盖同形,厚膜质或纸质,棕色或灰白色,全缘,开向主脉或有时开向叶边:孢子囊柄长,环带通常由20-28个增厚细胞组成。孢子两侧对称,椭圆形,周壁具褶皱,折皱连接形成网状或不形成网状,表面具小刺状纹饰或光滑,小刺常排列在褶皱上及其周围,外壁表面光滑。
遗传物质含染色体12对(36条)。
本属包括以下物种:[2]
- 西南铁角蕨 Asplenium aethiopicum
- 深山铁角蕨 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum
- 合生铁角蕨 Asplenium adnatum
- 匙形铁角蕨 Asplenium affine
- 高山铁角蕨 Asplenium aitchisonii
- 阿尔泰铁角蕨 Asplenium altajense (Komar.) Grubov, 1960,基异名:Asplenium sarelii f. altajense Kom.
- 广布铁角蕨 Asplenium anogrammoides Christ, 1908
- 大鳞巢蕨 Asplenium antiquum
- 狭翅巢蕨 Asplenium antrophyoides
- 黑鳞铁角蕨 Asplenium asterolepis
- 华南铁角蕨 Asplenium austrochinense
- 南方铁角蕨 Asplenium belangeri
- 芽胞铁角蕨 Asplenium bulbiferum
- 大盖铁角蕨 Asplenium bullatum
- 线柄铁角蕨 Asplenium capillipes
- 东海铁角蕨 Asplenium castaneoviride
- 高加索铁角蕨 Asplenium caucasicum
- 药蕨 Asplenium ceterach
- 线裂铁角蕨 Asplenium coenobiale
- 壮乡铁角蕨 Asplenium cornutissimum
- 毛轴铁角蕨 Asplenium crinicaule Hance, 1866
- 乌来铁角蕨 Asplenium cuneatiforme Christ, 1904
- 弯果铁角蕨 Asplenium cyrtosorum K.W.Xu, Li Bing Zhang & W.B.Liao, 2018
- Asplenium daghestanicum Christ, 1906,产于达吉斯坦和乍得
- 苍山蕨 Asplenium dalhousiae Hook.
- 丹霞铁角蕨 Asplenium danxiaense K.W.Xu, 2022[3]
- 水鳖蕨 Asplenium delavayi (Franch.) Copel., 1947,基异名:Scolopendrium delavayi Franch.
- 德令哈铁角蕨 Asplenium delinghaense S. Q. Liang et X. C. Zhang[4]
- 圆叶铁角蕨 Asplenium dolomiticum
- 剑叶铁角蕨 Asplenium ensiforme
- 云南铁角蕨 Asplenium exiguum
- Asplenium filix-femina (L.) Bernh.,为Athyrium crassicaule J.P.Roux, 2008的异名
- 网脉铁角蕨 Asplenium finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook., 1864
- 南海铁角蕨 Asplenium formosae Christ, 1891
- 易变铁角蕨 Asplenium fugax Christ, 1905,为Asplenium capillipes subsp. fugax (Christ) Fraser-Jenk.的异名
- 腺齿铁角蕨 Asplenium glanduliserrulatum Ching ex S.H.Wu, 1989
- 厚叶铁角蕨 Asplenium griffithianum Hook., 1854
- 镰羽短肠蕨 Asplenium griffithii (T.Moore) Baker, 1867,为Diplazium griffithii (T.Moore) Diels的异名
- 广东铁角蕨 Asplenium guangdongense Y.Fen Chang & H.Schneid., 2018
- 撕裂铁角蕨 Asplenium gueinzianum Mett., 1868
- 国达铁角蕨 Asplenium guodanum K.W.Xu & W.B.Liao, 2024[5]
- 海南铁角蕨 Asplenium hainanense
- 江南铁角蕨 Asplenium holosorum
- 扁柄巢蕨 Asplenium humbertii
- 肾羽铁角蕨 Asplenium humistratum
- 虎尾铁角蕨 Asplenium incisum
- 胎生铁角蕨 Asplenium indicum
- 贵阳铁角蕨 Asplenium interjectum
- Asplenium iskardense ,产于巴基斯坦
- 九连山铁角蕨 Asplenium jiulianshanense K.W.Xu & G.L.Xu[6]
- 甘肃铁角蕨 Asplenium kansuense
- 江苏铁角蕨 Asplenium kiangsuense
- 对开蕨 Asplenium komarovii
- 西疆铁角蕨 Asplenium kukkonenii
- 热带铁角蕨 Asplenium lepturus
- 泸山铁角蕨 Asplenium lushanense
- 内蒙铁角蕨 Asplenium mae
- 大叶苍山蕨 Asplenium magnificum (Ching) Bir, Fraser-Jenk. & Lovis, 1985
- 马关铁角蕨 Asplenium maguanense S.Q.Liang, R.Wei & X.C.Zhang, 2019
- 兰屿铁角蕨 Asplenium matsumurae Christ ex Matsum., 1910
- Asplenium merapohense R. Jaman & K. Imin [7]
- 滇南铁角蕨 Asplenium microtum Maxon, 1909
- Asplenium minutifolium Kanem. & Tagane
- 倒挂铁角蕨 Asplenium normale D.Don, 1825
- 镰羽铁角蕨 Asplenium normale f. scythiforme Z.X. Chang[8]
- 西北铁角蕨 Asplenium nesii
- 郎木铁角蕨 Asplenium neovarians Ching, 1985,产于中国四川北部,为Asplenium laciniatum subsp. laciniatum 的异名
- 巢蕨 Asplenium nidus Raddi, 1819
- 黑鳞巢蕨 Asplenium oblanceolatum
- 东南铁角蕨 Asplenium oldhami
- 疏脉苍山蕨 Asplenium paucivenosum
- 北京铁角蕨 Asplenium pekinense
- Asplenium pahli Salgado[9]
- 长叶巢蕨 Asplenium phyllitidis
- 碧凤铁角蕨 Asplenium pifongiae
- 镰叶铁角蕨 Asplenium polyodon
- 长叶铁角蕨 Asplenium prolongatum
- 西藏铁角蕨 Asplenium pseudo-fontanum
- 假大羽铁角蕨 Asplenium pseudolaserpitiifolium
- 斜裂铁角蕨 Asplenium pseudopraemorsum
- 叶基宽铁角蕨 Asplenium pulcherrimum
- 俅江铁角蕨 Asplenium qiujiangense
- Asplenium quangbinhense K.W.Xu, N.T.Lu & Li Bing Zhang, 2021[10]
- 骨碎补铁角蕨 Asplenium ritoense
- 瑞丽铁角蕨 Asplenium rockii
- 过山蕨 Asplenium ruprechtii
- 卵叶铁角蕨 Asplenium ruta-muraria
- 岭南铁角蕨 Asplenium sampsoni
- 华中铁角蕨 Asplenium sarelii
- 石生铁角蕨 Asplenium saxicola
- 狭叶铁角蕨 Asplenium scortechinii
- Asplenium sdiantum-nigrum
- 近变异铁角蕨 Asplenium semivarians
- 思茅铁角蕨 Asplenium simaoense
- 黑边铁角蕨 Asplenium speluncae
- 叉叶铁角蕨 Asplenium septentrionale
- 锯齿叶铁角蕨 Asplenium serratifolium Li Bing Zhang & K.W. Xu[11]
- 拟大羽铁角蕨 Asplenium sublaserpitiifolium Ching ex Tardieu & Ching, 1936
- 俅江铁角蕨 Asplenium subspathulinum X.C.Zhang, 2012
- 膜连铁角蕨 Asplenium tenerum G.Forst., 1786
- 细茎铁角蕨 Asplenium tenuicaule Hayata, 1914,现接受名为Asplenium laciniatum subsp. tenuicaule (Hayata) Fraser-Jenk.
- 细裂铁角蕨 Asplenium tenuifolium (Hayata) Fraser-Jenk., 2008
- 羽裂铁角蕨 Asplenium thunbergii Sim,现接受名为Asplenium preussii Hieron. ex Brause
- 蒙自铁角蕨 Asplenium trapezoideum
- 铁角蕨 Asplenium trichomanes
- 台南铁角蕨 Asplenium trigonopterum
- 三翅铁角蕨 Asplenium tripteropus
- 半边铁角蕨 Asplenium unilaterale
- 变异铁角蕨 Asplenium varians
- 欧亚铁角蕨 Asplenium viride
- 闽浙铁角蕨 Asplenium wilfordii
- 狭翅铁角蕨 Asplenium wrightii
- 信宜铁角蕨 Asplenium xinyiense
- 棕鳞铁角蕨 Asplenium yoshinagae
Ke-Wang Xu, Chen-Xue Lin, Jian-Qiang Guo, Xin-Xin Zhou, Wen-Bo Liao and Ling-Feng Mao. 2022. Asplenium danxiaense sp. nov. (Aspleniaceae, Aspleniineae), A New Tetraploid Fern Species from Guangdong, China, based on Morphological and Molecular Data. European Journal of Taxonomy. 798(1); 162-173.
Ke-Wang Xu, Yu-Tong Han, Yu-Ran Dong, Jian-Qiang Guo, Ling-Feng Mao and Wen-Bo Liao. 2024. Asplenium guodanum (Aspleniaceae), A distinct New fern Species from northern Guangdong, China, based on morphological data and molecular phylogeny. PhytoKeys. 241: 191-200. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.241.122789
Chen-Xue Lin, Guo-Liang Xu, Zhi-Fang Jin, Wen-Bo Liao and Ke-Wang Xu. 2022. Molecular, Chromosomal, and Morphological Evidence reveals A New Allotetraploid Fern Species of Asplenium (Aspleniaceae) from southern Jiangxi, China. PhytoKeys. 199: 113-127. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.199.81292
Razali Jaman, Imin Kamin and Ruth Kiew. 2017. Asplenium merapohense (Aspleniaceae), A New Species from the Peninsular Malaysia. PhytoKeys. 89; 85-90. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.89.20875
Zhi-Xiang Chang, Li-Yaung Kuo, Pi-Fong Lu and Yao-Moan Huang. 2020. New Addition to the Asplenium normale complex (Aspleniaceae): An Endemic forma in Taiwan. Taiwania. 65(2); .253-260.
Taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract.php?type=abstract&id=1681
Arthur Edward Salgado. 2021. Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Notes on Philippine Ferns. IV. Asplenium pahli (Polypodiales, Aspleniineae, Aspleniaceae), A New Species from Leyte, Philippines. Phytotaxa. 524(2); 71-84. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.524.2.1
Xu, Ke-Wang, Ngan Thi Lu, Zhou, Xin-Mao, et al. Asplenium quangbinhense sp. nov. and three new records of Asplenium (Aspleniaceae) from Vietnam[J]. PHYTOTAXA,2021,521(2):113-120.
Ke-Wang Xu, Liang Zhang, Ngan Thi Lu, and Li-Bing Zhang. 2018. Asplenium serratifolium (Aspleniaceae), A New Fern Species from Central Vietnam Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence. American Fern Journal. 108(3); 65-75. DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-108.3.65