国际象棋的术语里,兵形是指棋盘上数个小(pawns)所组成的结构。由于兵是移动力最弱的棋子,兵形一旦形成就不易改变,故兵形结构影响到该局面应当采用的策略。

abcdefgh
8
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
c7 black pawn
f7 black pawn
g7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
e6 black pawn
d5 black pawn
e5 white pawn
d4 white pawn
a2 white pawn
b2 white pawn
c2 white pawn
f2 white pawn
g2 white pawn
h2 white pawn
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
e5兵链
abcdefgh
8
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
c7 black pawn
f7 black pawn
g7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
d6 black pawn
d5 white pawn
e5 black pawn
e4 white pawn
a2 white pawn
b2 white pawn
c2 white pawn
f2 white pawn
g2 white pawn
h2 white pawn
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
d5兵链

概括性观察

兵形中的弱点(例如孤兵英语Isolated pawn叠兵英语Doubled pawns落后兵英语Backward pawn、以及兵形中无法防御的漏洞),一旦产生就难以复原,所以要尽量避免这些弱点出现在己方阵营。不过也有例外,上述几项弱点有时也可能对己方有利,因此还是必须视局面而定,才能判断兵的结构是好是坏。

大多数时候,兵的结构会影响到棋手的策略,无论棋手采用何种开局。垂直对称的兵形,例如e5兵链或d5兵链看起来相似,两方的王通常都是短易位,但其实彼此的特性完全不同。

兵形通常会彼此互换,例如 d 排孤兵(Isolani)有可能转变为成对孤兵(Hanging Pawns),反之亦然。进行兵形转换前必须谨慎思考,此时整个游戏的策略可能出现大幅度的变动。

相关条目

参考资料

  • Euwe, Max (1968). The Development of Chess Style. David McKay Company. ISBN 0-679-14045-X.
  • Flores, Mauricio. Chess Structures - a Grandmaster Guide. Quality Chess. 2015. ISBN 978-1-78483-000-7.
  • Soltis, Andy. Pawn Structure Chess. McKay. 1995. ISBN 0-8129-2529-7.
  • Yudovich, Mikhail (1988). Garri Kasparov. Raduga Publishers. ISBN 5-05-001722-X.

延伸阅读

  • Hans Kmoch, Pawn Power in Chess, 1959. 1990 Dover edition: ISBN 0-486-26486-6 (There are other editions).
  • Marović, Dražen. Understanding Pawn Play In Chess. Gambit. 2000. ISBN 1-901983-31-5.

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