三位证人
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三位证人(英语:Three Witnesses)为早期后期圣徒运动中具关连性的3名人物之集合名词,他们宣称摩罗乃天使曾展示其给予约瑟·斯密的金页片(英语:Golden plates),也就是后来翻译而成的《摩尔门经》[1];他们也宣称曾听见神的声音,展现翻译这本书的神圣力量。这三个人皆为12名摩尔门经证人(英语:Book of Mormon witnesses)成员,其他成员包含约瑟·斯密以及八位证人(英语:Eight Witnesses)。
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三位证人──奥利佛·考德(英语:Oliver Cowdery)、马丁·哈里斯(英语:Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints))与大卫·惠特默(英语:David Whitmer)──的联合证词,已于1830年与八位证人的独立证词,首次同时出版于《摩尔门经》当中,并随附于几乎每一版的《摩尔门经》。所有三名证人最后皆与斯密及其组织的教会决裂,但哈里斯与考德在斯密过世后重新加入[2][3]。惠特默则创立了他自己的基督教会(英语:Church of Christ (Whitmerite))。三名证人直到去世为止,都坚持他们对《摩尔门经》的见证[4][5]。
注解
- Oaks, Dallin H. The Witness: Martin Harris. [14 February 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-16).
- Faulring, Scott H. The Return of Oliver Cowdery. The Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarshup. [14 February 2014]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-21).
- Givens, Terryl, The Book of Mormon: a very short introduction, Oxford University Press: 99, 2009 ("the three witnesses all defected from Smith and his church, (only Whitmer permanently), though all maintained until death the truth of the affidavits.")
- In 1838, Joseph Smith called Cowdery, Harris, and Whitmer "too mean to mention; and we had liked to have forgotten them." B.H. Roberts, ed. History of the Church (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1905), 3: 232. Technically, Whitmer resigned before the High Council decided that he "be no longer considered a member of the Church of Christ of Latter day Saints." Ronald E. Romig, "Faithful Dissenter, Witness Apart," in Roger D. Launius and Linda Thatcher, Dissenting Visions: Dissenters in Mormon History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, p. 36; Michael Marquardt, "David Whitmer: His Evolving Beliefs and Recollections," in Scattering of the Saints, Schism within Mormonism, eds. Newell G. Bringhurst and John C. Hamer, (Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books, 2007) p. 50.
参考文献
- Anderson, Richard Lloyd. Investigating the Book of Mormon Witnesses. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company. 1981. ISBN 978-0-87747-846-1.
- Brodie, Fawn McKay. No Man Knows My History: the Life of Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet 2nd., rev. and enl. New York: Vintage Books. 1995. ISBN 0-679-73054-0.
- Bushman, Richard L. Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 1984. ISBN 978-0-252-06012-0.
- Bushman, Richard L. Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2005. ISBN 1-4000-4270-4.
- Cook, Lyndon W. (ed). David Whitmer Interviews, A Restoration Witness. Orem, Utah: Grandin Book. 1991. ISBN 978-0-910523-38-7.
- Jessee, Dean C. (ed). The Papers of Joseph Smith. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company. 1989. ISBN 0-87579-199-9.
- Latzer, Michael J. Whitmer, David. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. 2000.
- Palmer, Grant H. An Insider's View of Mormon Origins. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. 2002. ISBN 1-56085-157-0.
- Roberts, Brigham Henry. New Witnesses for God. (Vols. 1-3). Salt Lake City: Deseret News. 1911.
- Vogel, Dan (ed). Early Mormon Documents. (Vols. 1-5). Salt Lake City: Signature Books. 1996–2003. ISBN 1-56085-072-8.