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龐涓,戰國時人,魏將也。傳言嘗與孫臏共受業於鬼谷子,先臏而去,事魏,得為惠王將軍。及臏就魏,涓以己不如,深嫉其能,乃臏之。孫臏以計遁齊,二人由是結仇。
周顯王十五年,魏伐趙,以龐涓圍邯鄲,齊以田忌、孫臏救之。孫臏以魏輕兵銳卒竭於外,老弱疲於內,逕往大梁。涓果回師,與齊戰于桂陵,敗。龐涓見擒,得遣歸魏「或謂龐涓僅以身免,逃歸於魏」。
後龐涓領魏師攻韓,韓求救於齊。齊以田忌、田嬰、孫臏領兵,復率軍徑攻大梁,魏軍回師。孫臏用減竈計示弱誘敵,龐涓乃棄其步軍,與其輕銳倍日並行逐之,至於馬陵。馬陵道狹而旁多阻隘,可伏兵。孫臏預斫大樹白而書曰:「龐涓死於此樹之下。」涓夜至斫木下,見白木,乃鉆火燭之。讀其書未畢,齊軍萬弩俱發,魏軍大亂相失,龐涓自知智窮兵敗,因曰:「遂使豎子成名!」自刎而亡。
《史記·孫子傳第五》
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