萬國音標字,又稱國際音標、萬國語音學字母,所以書音聲也。蓋人之為言者,尋章古今,但求驚人,從心所動,無出唇齒牙喉舌。是以音聲有限,而可以書記之。國際語音學學會以羅馬字為基,增改擴之,使一音一字,一一對應。今萬國音標字凡百有七,符號標記五十許。
夫萬國音標字之字母可分三類:曰肺部氣流音,曰非肺部氣流音,曰元音。[1][2]
肺氣音
肺氣音者,輔音之一類,乃氣自肺直出之音。中國語音,聲母皆是。
More information 調音處 →, 唇 ...
調音處 → |
唇 |
舌冠 |
舌背 |
喉音 |
調音法 ↓ |
雙唇 |
唇齒 |
舌唇 |
齒 |
齒齦 |
齦後 |
卷舌 |
硬齶 |
軟齶 |
小舌 |
咽/會厭 |
聲門 |
鼻音 |
m̥ |
m(明母) |
|
ɱ |
|
n̼ |
|
|
n̥ |
n(泥母) |
|
|
ɳ̊ |
ɳ(娘母) |
ɲ̊ |
ɲ(日母) |
ŋ̊ |
ŋ(疑母) |
|
ɴ |
|
|
|
|
塞音 |
p |
b |
p̪ |
b̪ |
t̼ |
d̼ |
|
|
t |
d |
|
|
ʈ |
ɖ |
c |
ɟ |
k |
ɡ |
q |
ɢ |
ʡ |
|
ʔ |
|
有噝擦音 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s |
z |
ʃ |
ʒ |
ʂ |
ʐ |
ɕ |
ʑ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
無噝擦音 |
ɸ |
β |
f |
v |
θ̼ |
ð̼ |
θ |
ð |
θ̠ |
ð̠ |
ɹ̠̊˔ |
ɹ̠˔ |
|
ɻ˔ |
ç |
ʝ |
x |
ɣ |
χ |
ʁ |
ħ |
ʕ |
h |
ɦ |
近音 |
|
|
ʋ̥ |
ʋ |
|
|
|
|
ɹ̥ |
ɹ |
|
|
ɻ̊ |
ɻ |
j̊ |
j |
ɰ̊ |
ɰ |
|
|
|
|
|
ʔ̞ |
閃音 |
|
ⱱ̟ |
|
ⱱ |
|
ɾ̼ |
|
|
ɾ̥ |
ɾ |
|
|
ɽ̊ |
ɽ |
|
|
|
|
|
ɢ̆ |
|
ʡ̆ |
|
|
顫音 |
ʙ̥ |
ʙ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
r̥ |
r |
|
|
ɽ̊r̥ |
ɽr |
|
|
|
|
ʀ̥ |
ʀ |
ʜ |
ʢ |
|
|
邊擦音 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɬ |
ɮ |
|
|
ɭ̊˔ |
ɭ˔ |
ʎ̝̊ |
ʎ̝ |
ʟ̝̊ |
ʟ̝ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
邊近音 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
l̥ |
l |
|
|
ɭ̊ |
ɭ |
ʎ̥ |
ʎ |
ʟ̥ |
ʟ |
|
ʟ̠ |
|
|
|
|
邊閃音 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɺ |
|
|
|
ɭ̆ |
|
ʎ̆ |
|
ʟ̆ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Close
非肺氣音
非肺氣音者,輔音之一類,前節之反也。咂嘴之嘖嘖聲為是。
More information 雙唇, 唇齒 ...
|
雙唇 |
唇齒 |
齒 |
齒齦 |
齦後 |
捲舌 |
硬顎 |
軟顎 |
小舌 |
咽 |
擠喉音 |
塞音 |
pʼ |
|
|
tʼ |
|
ʈʼ |
cʼ |
kʼ |
qʼ |
ʡʼ |
擦音 |
ɸʼ |
fʼ |
θʼ |
sʼ |
ʃʼ |
ʂʼ |
ɕʼ |
xʼ |
χʼ |
|
邊擦音 |
|
|
|
ɬʼ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
搭嘴音 |
不送氣音 |
ʘ |
|
ǀ |
ǃ |
|
‼ |
ǂ |
|
|
|
濁音 |
ʘ̬ |
|
ǀ̬ |
ǃ̬ |
|
‼̬ |
ǂ̬ |
|
|
|
|
ʘ̃ |
|
ǀ̃ |
ǃ̃ |
|
‼̃ |
ǂ̃ |
|
|
|
不送氣邊音 |
|
|
|
ǁ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
濁邊音 |
|
|
|
ǁ̬ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
內爆音 |
濁音 |
ɓ |
|
|
ɗ |
|
ᶑ |
ʄ |
ɠ |
ʛ |
|
清音 |
ɓ̥ |
|
|
ɗ̥ |
|
ᶑ̊ |
ʄ̊ |
ɠ̊ |
ʛ̥ |
|
|
|
Close
塞擦音
More information 肺部氣流音, 有噝擦音 ...
肺部氣流音 |
有噝擦音 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ts |
dz |
t̠ʃ |
d̠ʒ |
ʈʂ |
ɖʐ |
tɕ |
dʑ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
無噝擦音 |
pɸ |
bβ |
p̪f |
b̪v |
t̪θ |
d̪ð |
tɹ̝̊ |
dɹ̝ |
t̠ɹ̠̊˔ |
d̠ɹ̠˔ |
|
|
cç |
ɟʝ |
kx |
ɡɣ |
qχ |
|
|
ʡʢ |
ʔh |
|
邊音 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
tɬ |
dɮ |
|
|
ʈɭ̊˔ |
|
cʎ̝̊ |
|
kʟ̝̊ |
ɡʟ̝ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
擠喉音 |
中央音 |
|
|
|
tsʼ |
t̠ʃʼ |
ʈʂʼ |
|
kxʼ |
qχʼ |
|
|
邊音 |
|
|
|
tɬʼ |
|
|
cʎ̝̊ʼ |
kʟ̝̊ʼ |
|
|
|
|
|
Close
元音
元音者,音節中心之音也。[3]:十
More information 閉, 次閉 ...
Close
"Segments can usefully be divided into two major categories, consonants and vowels." (International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 3)
International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 6.
International Phonetic Association Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet ; Cambridge:Cambridge University Press; ISBN 0-521-65236-7