Hayop

Hayop, amo an mga multicellular ngan eukaryotic na mga organismo ilarum san kahadian o kingdom Animalia (na gintatawag liwat na Metazoa). Permanente an pang-ngurte san lawas bisan pa kun an iba naagi sin proseso na gintatawag na metamorphosis. Kadam'an san hayop gintatawag na motile o nakagkiwa san kalugaringun. Natanan na hayop kinahanglan kumaon san iba na orgnismo para mabuhi (Heterotroph).

Kaurugan na phyla san hayop nagtikang magkaguwa sa fossil record bilang mga marino na species sadton Cambrian explosion, mga 542 milyones katuig an nakalabay. Nababahin an mga hayop sin daramo na grupo sugad san: vertebrate (tamsi, mammal, ampibyan, reptilia, isda); mollusc (bibi, talaba, kugita, nuos, kuhol); arthropod (ulalahipan, bayod, insekto o mananap, lawalawa, tapuso, kinis, banagan, pasay); annelida (wati, linta); spongha; ngan bokya o salabay.

Kinaiya

May'ada mga kinaiya an hayop na naiiba san iba na mga butang na may kinabuhi. Eukaryotic ngan multicellular^[1] an mga hayop na naglalain sa kanra sa mga bacteria ngan kadam'an san protista. An hayop amo in heterotrophic,^[2] ngan gintutunaw an pagkaon sa sulod sa tiyan, na naglalain naman san mga hayop sa mga tanaman ngan algae.^[3] Nalalain liwat an mga hayop sa tanaman, algae, ngan fungi sa kawara nira matugas na cell wall.^[4] Motile^[5] an natanan na hayop maliban sa dito na stage sa kanra kinabuhi. Naagi an embryo sa haros natanan na hayop sa blastula stage,^[6] sayo na kinaiya na ekslusibo sa mga hayop.

Reproduksyon

Haros natanan na hayop naagi sin durudilain na porma sin sexual na reproduksyun.^[7] May'ada an hayop sin pipira na specialized na reproductive cells, na naagi sin meiosis para magin spermatozoa ug magin ova.^[8] Nagtitig'ub an spermatozoa ngan ova para mabug'os an zygote, na nagiging bag'o na indibiduwal.^[9]

Sugad man, daramo na hayop an may kakayahan sin asexual na reproduksyon.^[10]

Panginaon

Heterotroph an natanan na hayop, karuyag-sidngon an kanra ginkakaon nagtitikang ta sa iba na buhi na butang.^[11] Ginlalain-lain an mga hayop sa mga grupo sugad san karniboro, erbiboro, omniboro, ngan parasitiko.^[12]

Ebolusyon

Ginbabanabana na an hayop nagtikang o nag-evolve tikang sa flagellate na eukaryote.^[14] An gihihirani-i na nabubuhi na ugrupod amo an choanoflagellate, mga collared flagellate na nan'iingun san choanocytes san pipira na spongha.^[15] Sigun san mga molekular na pag'aram an hayop amo in sakob sa supergroup na gintatawag na opisthokont, kun diin kagrupo niya an choanoflagellate, fungi ngan pipira na parasitik na protista.^[16]

An una na mga fossil na pwede mag-representar na mga hayop nagkagawas sa Trezona Formation sa Trezona Bore, West Central Flinders, South Australia.^[17] Ini na mga fossil ginsisiring na mga sinauna na mga spongha. Nahiagiaan ini sa mga bato na may edad na 665-milyones katuig.^[17]

An sumunod na posible na giuunahi na mga fossil san hayop nahiagian san pagtangpus san Precambrian, mga 610 milyones katuig an nakalabay, ngan kilala na Ediacaran o Vendian biota.^[18] Kudi makuri ini idugtung san mga nasunod na mga fossils. An iba sini na represeentar na ninuno o ginikanan san mga moderno na phyla pero lain na grupo, ngan posible liwat na diri ini hayop mismo.^[19] Lain pa sini, kadam'an san mga nahihibaruan na mga phyla san hayop, tigda nagkagawas sa Cambrian period, mga 542 milyones katuig an nakalabay.^[20] Gintatawag ini san iba na Cambrian explosion, tungod san tigda ngan malaksi na pagdaramo san grupo san hayop ug an pagbag'o san kondisyon na nagin posible an fossilization.

Kasaysayan san Pagklaklasipika

Gin tunga ni Aristotle an may kinubuhi ngadto sa hayop ngan tanaman, ngan ginsundan ini ni Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) san una na hierarchical na klasipikasyon.^[21] Tikang siton, gintikangan san mga biologists an pagtan'aw san mga ebolusyunaryo na relasyon san mga organismo.

Sa orihinal na paagi ni Linnaeus, may ada tulo na ginhadian an hayop, ngan ginbahinbahin ngadto sa classes san Vermes o ulod, Insecta o mananap, Pisces o isda, Amphibia, Aves o katamsihan, ngan Mammalia. An urhi na upat yana gintig'ob nadto sa phylum Chordata, ngan an iba ginbahinbahin ngadto san iba-iba na grupo.

Pinanbasaran

[1]
"Panda Classroom". Ginhipos tikang han orihinal han 29 Septyembre 2007. Ginkuhà 30 Septyembre 2007. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help); Invalid |deadurl=dead (help)
[2]
Bergman, Jennifer. "Heterotrophs". Ginhipos tikang han orihinal han 29 Agosto 2007. Ginkuhà 30 Septyembre 2007. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help); Invalid |deadurl=dead (help)
[3]
Douglas, Angela E.; Raven, John A. (2003). "Genomes at the interface between bacteria and organelles". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 358 (1429): 5–17, discussion 517–8. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1188. PMC 1693093. PMID 12594915.
[4]
Davidson, Michael W. "Animal Cell Structure". Ginhipos tikang han orihinal han 20 Septyembre 2007. Ginkuhà 20 Septyembre 2007. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help); Invalid |deadurl=dead (help)
[5]
Saupe, S. G. "Concepts of Biology". Ginkuhà 30 Septyembre 2007.
[6]
Minkoff, Eli C. (2008). Barron's EZ-101 Study Keys Series: Biology (2nd, revised ed.). Barron's Educational Series. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-7641-3920-8. https://archive.org/details/biology0000mink.
[7]
Knobil, Ernst (1998). Encyclopedia of reproduction, Volume 1. Academic Press. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-12-227020-8.
[8]
Schwartz, Jill (2010). Master the GED 2011 (w/CD). Peterson's. p. 371. ISBN 978-0-7689-2885-3. https://archive.org/details/petersonsmasterg0000stew_x3f1.
[9]
Hamilton, Matthew B. (2009). Population genetics. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-4051-3277-0. https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami.
[10]
Adiyodi, K. G.; Hughes, Roger N.; Adiyodi, Rita G. (2002). Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Progress in Asexual Reproduction, Volume 11. Wiley. p. 116.
[11]
Rastogi, V. B. (1997). Modern Biology. Pitambar Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-209-0496-5.
[12]
Levy, Charles K. (1973). Elements of Biology. Appleton-Century-Crofts. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-390-55627-1. https://archive.org/details/elementsofbiolog0000levy.
[13]
Monster fish crushed opposition with strongest bite ever
[14]
Campbell, Niel A. (1990). Biology (2nd ed.). Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co.. p. 560. ISBN 978-0-8053-1800-5. https://archive.org/details/biolog00camp.
[15]
Richard R. Behringer, Alexander D. Johnson, Robert E. Krumlauf, Michael K. Levine, Nipam Patel, Neelima Sinha, ed. (2008). Emerging model organisms: a laboratory manual, Volume 1 (illustrated ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-87969-872-0.
[16]
Hall, Brian Keith; Hallgrímsson, Benedikt; Strickberger, Monroe W. (2008). Strickberger's evolution: the integration of genes, organisms and populations. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-7637-0066-9. https://archive.org/details/strickbergersevo0000hall.
[17]
Maloof, Adam C.; Rose, Catherine V.; Beach, Robert; Samuels, Bradley M.; Calmet, Claire C.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Poirier, Gerald R.; Yao, Nan; Simons, Frederik J. (17 Agosto 2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia". Nature Geoscience. 3 (9): 653. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..653M. doi:10.1038/ngeo934.CS1 maint: display-authors (link)
[18]
Costa, James T.; Darwin, Charles (2009). The annotated Origin: a facsimile of the first edition of On the origin of species. Harvard University Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-674-03281-1. https://archive.org/details/annotatedoriginf00darw.
[19]
Schopf, J. William (1999). Evolution!: facts and fallacies. Academic Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-12-628860-5. https://archive.org/details/evolutionfactsfa0000unse.
[20]
Milsom, Clare; Rigby, Sue (2009). Fossils at a Glance. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9336-8.
[21]
Linnaeus, Carolus (1758) (in Latin). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. (10th ed.). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii). http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542. Ginkuhà 22 Septyembre 2008.

Bibliograpiya

Claus Nielsen Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla. — 3rd ed. — New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. — 402 p. — ISBN 978-0-19960602-3
Knut Schmidt-Nielsen. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment. (5th edition). Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dugang nga pamiling mahitungod han Animalia ha kanan Wikipedia mga bugto nga proyekto:
	Mga kasirigngon tikang ha Wiktionary
	Sarigan nga basahon tikang ha Wikibooks
	Mga hulád tikang ha Wikiquote
	Gintikangan nga mga kasuratan tikang ha Wikisource
	Mga imahe ngan medya tikang ha Commons
	Mga sumat notisya tikang ha Wikinews
	Pagkukuhaan hin pagtuon tikang ha Wikiversity

An Wikispecies in may-ada impormasyon nga may pagkahisumpay ha: Animalia

Hayop ha Encyclopedia of Life
Tree of Life Project
Animal Diversity Web – University of Michigan's database of animals, showing taxonomic classification, images, and other information.
ARKive Ginhipos 2016-04-26 ha Archive.today – multimedia database of worldwide endangered/protected species and common species of UK.
The Animal Kingdom Ginhipos 2017-11-04 han Wayback Machine
Scientific American Magazine (December 2005 Issue) – Getting a Leg Up on Land About the evolution of four-limbed animals from fish.

[NationalZoo-1] [1]
"Panda Classroom". Ginhipos tikang han orihinal han 29 Septyembre 2007. Ginkuhà 30 Septyembre 2007. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help); Invalid |deadurl=dead (help)

[Windows-2] [2]
Bergman, Jennifer. "Heterotrophs". Ginhipos tikang han orihinal han 29 Agosto 2007. Ginkuhà 30 Septyembre 2007. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help); Invalid |deadurl=dead (help)

[3] [3]
Douglas, Angela E.; Raven, John A. (2003). "Genomes at the interface between bacteria and organelles". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 358 (1429): 5–17, discussion 517–8. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1188. PMC 1693093. PMID 12594915.

[AnimalCells-4] [4]
Davidson, Michael W. "Animal Cell Structure". Ginhipos tikang han orihinal han 20 Septyembre 2007. Ginkuhà 20 Septyembre 2007. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help); Invalid |deadurl=dead (help)

[Concepts-5] [5]
Saupe, S. G. "Concepts of Biology". Ginkuhà 30 Septyembre 2007.

[6] [6]
Minkoff, Eli C. (2008). Barron's EZ-101 Study Keys Series: Biology (2nd, revised ed.). Barron's Educational Series. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-7641-3920-8. https://archive.org/details/biology0000mink.

[7] [7]
Knobil, Ernst (1998). Encyclopedia of reproduction, Volume 1. Academic Press. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-12-227020-8.

[8] [8]
Schwartz, Jill (2010). Master the GED 2011 (w/CD). Peterson's. p. 371. ISBN 978-0-7689-2885-3. https://archive.org/details/petersonsmasterg0000stew_x3f1.

[9] [9]
Hamilton, Matthew B. (2009). Population genetics. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-4051-3277-0. https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami.

[10] [10]
Adiyodi, K. G.; Hughes, Roger N.; Adiyodi, Rita G. (2002). Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Progress in Asexual Reproduction, Volume 11. Wiley. p. 116.

[11] [11]
Rastogi, V. B. (1997). Modern Biology. Pitambar Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-209-0496-5.

[12] [12]
Levy, Charles K. (1973). Elements of Biology. Appleton-Century-Crofts. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-390-55627-1. https://archive.org/details/elementsofbiolog0000levy.

[13] [13]
Monster fish crushed opposition with strongest bite ever

[14] [14]
Campbell, Niel A. (1990). Biology (2nd ed.). Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co.. p. 560. ISBN 978-0-8053-1800-5. https://archive.org/details/biolog00camp.

[15] [15]
Richard R. Behringer, Alexander D. Johnson, Robert E. Krumlauf, Michael K. Levine, Nipam Patel, Neelima Sinha, ed. (2008). Emerging model organisms: a laboratory manual, Volume 1 (illustrated ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-87969-872-0.

[16] [16]
Hall, Brian Keith; Hallgrímsson, Benedikt; Strickberger, Monroe W. (2008). Strickberger's evolution: the integration of genes, organisms and populations. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-7637-0066-9. https://archive.org/details/strickbergersevo0000hall.

[roseMaloof-17] [17]
Maloof, Adam C.; Rose, Catherine V.; Beach, Robert; Samuels, Bradley M.; Calmet, Claire C.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Poirier, Gerald R.; Yao, Nan; Simons, Frederik J. (17 Agosto 2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia". Nature Geoscience. 3 (9): 653. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..653M. doi:10.1038/ngeo934.CS1 maint: display-authors (link)

[18] [18]
Costa, James T.; Darwin, Charles (2009). The annotated Origin: a facsimile of the first edition of On the origin of species. Harvard University Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-674-03281-1. https://archive.org/details/annotatedoriginf00darw.

[19] [19]
Schopf, J. William (1999). Evolution!: facts and fallacies. Academic Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-12-628860-5. https://archive.org/details/evolutionfactsfa0000unse.

[20] [20]
Milsom, Clare; Rigby, Sue (2009). Fossils at a Glance. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9336-8.

[Linn1758-21] [21]
Linnaeus, Carolus (1758) (in Latin). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. (10th ed.). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii). http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542. Ginkuhà 22 Septyembre 2008.

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