Chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy

Chipani cha Movement for Multi-party Democracy (MMD) chakucemekaso New Hope MMD,^[2][3]ni chipani cha ndyali mu Zambia. Gulu ili likapangika kuti liwuskeko boma lakale la Zambia, ndipo likaŵa na wanandi wa ŵanthu mu nyumba ya malango pakati pa 1991 na 2001, apo Frederick Chiluba wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Zambia. Mu 1991, boma ili likati lakhala ku wupu wa United National Independence Party (UNIP), likamalizga muwuso wa vyaka 27. Likalutilira kuŵa chipani chikuru chomene mu Zambia m'paka pa chisankho cha mu 2011.

Chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy
Abbreviation	MMD
Leader	Nevers Mumba[1]
Founded	July 1990 (1990-07)
Ideology	Social democracy Third Way Progressivism Reformism
Political position	Centre to centre-left
Colours	Blue
Slogan	The Hour for New Hope
National Assembly	0 / 166
Pan African Parliament	1 / 5
Website
mmdzambia.org

Mbiri

Kupangika na boma

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuskanga umo UNIP yikugwilira ntchito, cifukwa ca masuzgo gha vya cuma na vimbundi. Mu chaka chenechicho, Kaunda wakazomerezga kuti paŵe referendum ya boma la chipani chimoza, kweni chifukwa cha kugaluka, wakaleka.

Pa Okutobala 31, 1991, pakaŵa mavoti gha vyaru vinandi ndipo boma la MMD likasanga mazaza. Chiluba wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti na mavoti 76% kwa Kaunda 24%, apo MMD yikapokera vithuzithuzi 125 pa vithuzithuzi 150 mu National Assembly. Ndipouli, paumaliro wa nyengo yakwamba ya Chiluba ya vyaka vinkhondi pakuŵa pulezidenti, chilato cha MMD cha kunozga ndyali chikaŵa kuti chachepa chifukwa cha kukhumba kuwuskikaso ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵakafumapo na kwamba maboma ghanyake.

Pakuthemba pa chiŵelengero chikuru cha MMD mu nyumba ya malango, Pulezidenti Chiluba mu mwezi wa Meyi 1996 wakakhwimiska kusintha kwa dango ilo likawuskapo Pulezidenti wakale Kaunda na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa ŵa chipani cha opposition mu mavoti gha 1996. Pa cifukwa ici, UNIP yikakanira mavoti, ndipo Chiluba wakasankhika na 73% ya mavoti, apo MMD yikapokera vithuzi 131 pa vithuzi 150 mu National Assembly. Kweni pamasinda, vyaru vinyake na mawupu ghanyake ghakupambanapambana ghakati maungano agha ghakaŵa ghambura urunji.

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2001, othandizira Purezidenti Chiluba adakhazikitsa kampeni yosintha lamulo kuti athandize Chiluba kufunafuna nthawi yachitatu; kampeniyi idatsogolera ku ziphuphu zina kuchokera ku MMD, kuphatikiza Forum for Democracy and Development ndi Heritage Party. Paumaliro, wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, vyaru vyakususka, na mamembala ghanyake gha MMD ŵakamucicizga Chiluba kuti waleke kuyezgapo nyengo yacitatu.

Levy Mwanawasa wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa MMD pa mavoti gha 2001, ndipo wakathereska na 28% pera. Nangauli MMD yikalutilira kuŵa chipani cikuru comene mu Nyumba ya Malango, kweni yikaluza unandi wake cifukwa ca kuchepeskeka ku vithuzithuzi 69. Vipani vitatu vikadandawura ku Khoti Likuru la ku Georgia kuti vimbenge ivyo vikachitika. Khoti likalutilira kughanaghanira pempho ili mu Febuluwale 2003, ndipo likadumura kuti nangauli pakaŵa vinthu vinyake ivyo vikaŵa vyambura kwenelera, kweni vikaŵa vikuru yayi kuti vikhwaske ivyo vikachitika. Mwanawasa wakasankhika ku mavoti gha 2006 na 43% apo MMD yikapokera vithuzi 72 mu National Assembly.

Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Mwanawasa mu Ogasiti 2008, mavoti gha ku mphala ya malango ghakachitika. Rupiah Banda wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa MMD, ndipo wakasankhika na 40% ya mavoti gha chalo chose, wakatonda Michael Sata wa Patriotic Front (PF) na mphaka ya 2%.

Kususka

Ndipouli, pa zisankho za 2011, Sata wakatimba Banda na mphambano ya 42% ⁇ 35%, apo MMD yikapoka viphara 55 pera mu Nyumba ya Malamulo apo PF yikakhala na vipo 60.

Kusankha kwa Pulezidenti kwa 2015

Mu 2015, apo pakaŵa chisankho cha mu boma, Pulezidenti wakale wa chipani cha Rwanda, Rupiah Banda, wakawerako ku ntchito ya ndale ndipo wakati wazamuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi para wasankha, apo chipano ichi chachitiska kuti chiŵe mulongo wa chalo ichi.

Ciweruzo ici cikacitika masabata ghaŵiri pambere pa ungano wa cigaŵa wandachitike ndipo cifukwa ca kuti MPD iyo yikaŵa na Dr. Mumba, yikapokera 0.9%.

Msonkhano wa 2016 wa zachiwawa za MMD

Mu Meyi 2016, gulu la ŵanthu awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵa MMD ndipo ŵakachimbizgika likasankha Felix Mutati kuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi pa ungano wa ku Mulungushi Rock of Authority ku Kabwe, apo chipano ichi chikalutilira kovwira Nevers Mumba.^[4]

Ivyo Mweruzgi Newa Wakapeleka

Pa Novembala 9, 2019, Mweruzgi wa Khoti Likuru Sharon Newa, uyo wakakhalanga ku Lusaka, wakati phangano ilo likasankha Felix Mutati kuŵa Mudangiliri wa chipani likaŵa lakupelekeka yayi ndipo vyeruzgo vyose ivyo vikachitika pakati pa nyengo iyi na zuŵa lira vikaŵa vyambura kuzirwa.

Mbiri ya chisankho

Kusankha kwa Pulezidenti

Election	Party candidate	Votes	%	Result
1991	Frederick Chiluba	972,212	75.76%	Elected Y
1996		913,770	72.59%	Elected Y
2001	Levy Mwanawasa	506,694	29.15%	Elected Y
2006		1,177,846	42.98%	Elected Y
2008	Rupiah Banda	718,359	40.09%	Elected Y
2011		987,866	35.42%	Lost N
2015	Nevers Mumba	14,609	0.87%	Lost N
2016	Did not take part
2021	Nevers Mumba	4,968	0.10%	Lost N

National Assembly elections

Election	Votes	%	Seats	+/–	Position	Outcome
1991	931,945	74.01%	125 / 159	125	style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; " class="table-yes2" |Supermajority government
1996	778,989	60.88%	131 / 159	6	style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; " class="table-yes2" |Supermajority government
2001	490,680	28.02%	69 / 159	62	1st	Minority government
2006	1,059,526	39.05%	72 / 159	3	1st	Minority government
2011	902,619	33.44%	55 / 159	17	style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-no2" |Opposition
2016	99,356	2.71%	3 / 156	52	style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-no2" |Opposition
2021	3,665	0.08%	0 / 167	3	style="background:#FFC7C7; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-no" | Extra-parliamentary

Ukaboni

1. "Zambian Opposition Leader Nevers Mumba wins MMD presidency". Lusaka Times. November 5, 2019.
2. "Judge Bowa to hear contempt proceedings against Nevers, 5 others on June 10 – The Mast Online" (in American English). Retrieved 2021-06-03.
3. "MMD back on feet: Sylvia Nawa talks agriculture, empowerment – Zambia Daily Mail". www.daily-mail.co.zm. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
4. "Mutati is new MMD leader". ZNBC. May 21, 2016. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2016.