Pinyin ya da Hanyu Pinyin (Çince (basitleştirilmiş): 汉语拼音; Çince (geleneksel): 漢語拼音; Hànyǔ Pīnyīn), Standart Mandarin için Çince yazısında kullanılan romanizasyon sistemidir.[1] Yani her biri ayrı bir ideogram olan Çince karakterlerin Latin alfabesi ile yazılıp okunabilmesini sağlar.[2] Bu sistem 1979 yılından itibaren Çin hükûmeti tarafından resmen benimsenmiştir. Pinyin sistemi, hem en yeni hem de Mandarince telaffuzu en yakın sunan romanizasyon yöntemidir. Artık eskimiş olan Wade-Giles sistemi geçmişte yaygın kullanılmasına karşın yavaş yavaş terkedilmektedir.
Farklı romanizasyon yöntemleri
1959'da geliştirilen Pinyin'den başka birçok romanizasyon yöntemi daha vardır: Wade-Giles, Tongyong Pinyin, Postal System Pinyin vb. Bu da Çince isimlerin yazılışında karışıklıklara yol açar. Örneğin, Tayvan'ın başkenti Hanyu Pinyin ile Taibei (okunuşu Taybey) diye yazılsa da, yabancı dillerde eski Wade-Giles sistemine göre Taipei olarak yazılması alışkanlık haline gelmiştir.[3]
Türkçeden bir örnek de, Pekin'dir; Çince Beijing (北京, okunuşu: Beycinğ) kelimesi, Türkçeye ilk olarak Pekin olarak girmişti. Son zamanlarda Pinyin sisteminin kullanımının yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte Pekin şeklindeki yazılışa da medyada sıkça rastlanmaktadır.[kaynak belirtilmeli]
Çeşitli Çince romanizasyon sistemlerinin karşılaştırması ve en yakın Türkçe karşılıkları şöyledir:
| BPMF | Wade-Giles | MPS II | Yale | Tongyong | Hanyu Pinyin | Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Türkçedeki yaklaşık karşılığı | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ㄚ | a | a | a | a | a | a | ar | aa | ah | a |
| ㄞ | ai | ai | ai | ai | ai | ai | air | ae | ay | ay |
| ㄢ | an | an | an | an | an | an | arn | aan | ann | an |
| ㄤ | ang | ang | ang | ang | ang | ang | arng | aang | anq | anğ |
| ㄠ | ao | au | au | ao | ao | au | aur | ao | aw | av |
| ㄓㄚ | cha | ja | ja | jha | zha | ja | jar | jaa | jah | ca |
| ㄔㄚ | ch'a | cha | cha | cha | cha | cha | char | chaa | chah | ça |
| ㄓㄞ | chai | jai | jai | jhai | zhai | jai | jair | jae | jay | cay |
| ㄔㄞ | ch'ai | chai | chai | chai | chai | chai | chair | chae | chay | çay |
| ㄓㄢ | chan | jan | jan | jhan | zhan | jan | jarn | jaan | jann | can |
| ㄔㄢ | ch'an | chan | chan | chan | chan | chan | charn | chaan | chann | çan |
| ㄓㄤ | chang | jang | jang | jhang | zhang | jang | jarng | jaang | janq | canğ |
| ㄔㄤ | ch'ang | chang | chang | chang | chang | chang | charng | chaang | chanq | çanğ |
| ㄓㄠ | chao | jau | jau | jhao | zhao | jau | jaur | jao | jaw | cav |
| ㄔㄠ | ch'ao | chau | chau | chao | chao | chau | chaur | chao | chaw | çav |
| ㄓㄜ | che | je | je | jhe | zhe | je | jer | jee | jeh | cı |
| ㄔㄜ | ch'e | che | che | che | che | che | cher | chee | cheh | çı |
| ㄓㄟ | chei | jei | jei | jhei | zhei | jei | jeir | jeei | jey | cey |
| ㄓㄣ | chen | jen | jen | jhen | zhen | jen | jern | jeen | jenn | cın |
| ㄔㄣ | ch'en | chen | chen | chen | chen | chen | chern | cheen | chenn | çın |
| ㄓㄥ | cheng | jeng | jeng | jheng | zheng | jeng | jerng | jeeng | jenq | cınğ |
| ㄔㄥ | ch'eng | cheng | cheng | cheng | cheng | cheng | cherng | cheeng | chenq | çınğ |
| ㄐㄧ | chi | ji | ji | ji | ji | ji | jyi | jii | jih | ci |
| ㄑㄧ | ch'i | chi | chi | ci | qi | chi | chyi | chii | chih | çi |
| ㄐㄧㄚ | chia | jia | jya | jia | jia | jia | jya | jea | jiah | cia |
| ㄑㄧㄚ | ch'ia | chia | chya | cia | qia | chia | chya | chea | chiah | çia |
| ㄐㄧㄤ | chiang | jiang | jyang | jiang | jiang | jiang | jyang | jeang | jianq | cianğ |
| ㄑㄧㄤ | ch'iang | chiang | chyang | ciang | qiang | chiang | chyang | cheang | chianq | çianğ |
| ㄐㄧㄠ | chiao | jiau | jyau | jiao | jiao | jiau | jyau | jeau | jiaw | ciav |
| ㄑㄧㄠ | ch'iao | chiau | chyau | ciao | qiao | chiau | chyau | cheau | chiaw | çiav |
| ㄐㄧㄝ | chieh | jie | jye | jie | jie | jie | jye | jiee | jieh | cie |
| ㄑㄧㄝ | ch'ieh | chie | chye | cie | qie | chie | chye | chiee | chieh | çie |
| ㄐㄧㄢ | chien | jian | jyan | jian | jian | jian | jyan | jean | jiann | cien |
| ㄑㄧㄢ | ch'ien | chian | chyan | cian | qian | chian | chyan | chean | chiann | çien |
| ㄓ | chih | jr | jr | jhih | zhi | jy | jyr | jyy | jyh | cığ |
| ㄔ | ch'ih | chr | chr | chih | chi | chy | chyr | chyy | chyh | çığ |
| ㄐㄧㄣ | chin | jin | jin | jin | jin | jin | jyn | jiin | jinn | cin |
| ㄑㄧㄣ | ch'in | chin | chin | cin | qin | chin | chyn | chiin | chinn | çin |
| ㄐㄧㄥ | ching | jing | jing | jing | jing | jing | jyng | jiing | jinq | cinğ |
| ㄑㄧㄥ | ch'ing | ching | ching | cing | qing | ching | chyng | chiing | chinq | çinğ |
| ㄐㄧㄡ | chiu | jiou | jyou | jiou | jiu | jiou | jyou | jeou | jiow | ciu |
| ㄑㄧㄡ | ch'iu | chiou | chyou | ciou | qiu | chiou | chyou | cheou | chiow | çiu |
| ㄐㄩㄥ | chiung | jiung | jyung | jyong | jiong | jiong | jyong | jeong | jionq | cionğ |
| ㄑㄩㄥ | ch'iung | chiung | chyung | cyong | qiong | chiong | chyong | cheong | chionq | çionğ |
| ㄓㄨㄛ | cho | juo | jwo | jhuo | zhuo | juo | jwo | juoo | cuo | |
| ㄔㄨㄛ | ch'o | chuo | chwo | chuo | chuo | chuo | chwo | chuoo | çuo | |
| ㄓㄡ | chou | jou | jou | jhou | zhou | jou | jour | joou | cov | |
| ㄔㄡ | ch'ou | chou | chou | chou | chou | chou | chour | choou | çov | |
| ㄓㄨ | chu | ju | ju | jhu | zhu | ju | jwu | juu | juh | cu |
| ㄔㄨ | ch'u | chu | chu | chu | chu | chu | chwu | chuu | çu | |
| ㄓㄨㄚ | chua | jua | jwa | jhua | zhua | jua | jwa | joa | cua | |
| ㄔㄨㄚ | ch'ua | chua | chwa | chua | chua | chua | chuar | chuaa | çua | |
| ㄓㄨㄞ | chuai | juai | jwai | jhuai | zhuai | juai | jwai | joai | cuay | |
| ㄔㄨㄞ | ch'uai | chuai | chwai | chuai | chuai | chuai | chwai | choai | çuay | |
| ㄓㄨㄢ | chuan | juan | jwan | jhuan | zhuan | juan | jwan | joan | cuen | |
| ㄔㄨㄢ | ch'uan | chuan | chwan | chuan | chuan | chuan | chwan | choan | çuen | |
| ㄓㄨㄤ | chuang | juang | jwang | jhuang | zhuang | juang | jwang | joang | cuanğ | |
| ㄔㄨㄤ | ch'uang | chuang | chwang | chuang | chuang | chuang | chwang | choang | çuanğ | |
| ㄓㄨㄟ | chui | juei | jwei | jhuei | zhui | juei | jwei | joei | cui | |
| ㄔㄨㄟ | ch'ui | chuei | chwei | chuei | chui | chuei | chwei | choei | çui | |
| ㄓㄨㄣ | chun | juen | jwen | jhun | zhun | juen | jwen | joen | cun | |
| ㄔㄨㄣ | ch'un | chuen | chwen | chun | chun | chuen | chwen | choen | çun | |
| ㄓㄨㄥ | chung | jung | jung | jhong | zhong | jong | jorng | joong | conğ | |
| ㄔㄨㄥ | ch'ung | chung | chung | chong | chong | chong | chorng | choong | çonğ | |
| ㄐㄩ | chü | jiu | jyu | jyu | ju | jiu | jyu | jeu | jiuh | cü |
| ㄑㄩ | ch'ü | chiu | chyu | cyu | qu | chiu | chyu | cheu | chiuh | çü |
| ㄐㄩㄢ | chüan | jiuan | jywan | jyuan | juan | jiuan | jyuan | jeuan | jiuann | cüen |
| ㄑㄩㄢ | ch'üan | chiuan | chywan | cyuan | quan | chiuan | chyuan | cheuan | chiuann | çüen |
| ㄐㄩㄝ | chüeh | jiue | jywe | jyue | jue | jiue | jyue | jeue | jiueh | cüe |
| ㄑㄩㄝ | ch'üeh | chiue | chywe | cyue | que | chiue | chyue | cheue | chiueh | çüe |
| ㄐㄩㄣ | chün | jiun | jyun | jyun | jun | jiun | jyun | jeun | jiunn | cün |
| ㄑㄩㄣ | ch'ün | chiun | chyun | cyun | qun | chiun | chyun | cheun | chiunn | çün |
| ㄜ | e | e | e | e | e | e | er | ee | eh | ı |
| ㄟ | ei | ei | ei | ei | ei | ei | eir | eei | ey | ey |
| ㄣ | en | en | en | en | en | en | ern | een | enn | ın |
| ㄦ | erh | er | er | er | er | el | erl | eel | ır | |
| ㄈㄚ | fa | fa | fa | fa | fa | fa | far | faa | fah | fa |
| ㄈㄢ | fan | fan | fan | fan | fan | fan | farn | faan | fann | fan |
| ㄈㄤ | fang | fang | fang | fang | fang | fang | farng | faang | fanq | fanğ |
| ㄈㄟ | fei | fei | fei | fei | fei | fei | feir | feei | fey | fey |
| ㄈㄣ | fen | fen | fen | fen | fen | fen | fern | feen | fenn | fın |
| ㄈㄥ | feng | feng | feng | fong | feng | feng | ferng | feeng | fenq | fınğ |
| ㄈㄛ | fo | fo | fwo | fo | fo | fo | for | foo | foh | fo |
| ㄈㄡ | fou | fou | fou | fou | fou | fou | four | foou | fov | |
| ㄈㄨ | fu | fu | fu | fu | fu | fu | fwu | fuu | fuh | fu |
| ㄏㄚ | ha | ha | ha | ha | ha | ha | har | haa | hah | ha |
| ㄏㄞ | hai | hai | hai | hai | hai | hai | hair | hae | hay | hay |
| ㄏㄢ | han | han | han | han | han | han | harn | haan | hann | han |
| ㄏㄤ | hang | hang | hang | hang | hang | hang | harng | haang | hanq | hanğ |
| ㄏㄠ | hao | hau | hau | hao | hao | hau | haur | hao | haw | hav |
| ㄏㄟ | hei | hei | hei | hei | hei | hei | heir | heei | hey | hey |
| ㄏㄣ | hen | hen | hen | hen | hen | hen | hern | heen | henn | hın |
| ㄏㄥ | heng | heng | heng | heng | heng | heng | herng | heeng | henq | hınğ |
| ㄏㄜ | ho | he | he | he | he | he | her | hee | heh | hı |
| ㄏㄡ | hou | hou | hou | hou | hou | hou | hour | hoou | hov | |
| ㄒㄧ | hsi | shi | syi | si | xi | shi | shyi | shii | shih | şi |
| ㄒㄧㄚ | hsia | shia | sya | sia | xia | shia | shya | shea | shiah | şia |
| ㄒㄧㄤ | hsiang | shiang | syang | siang | xiang | shiang | shyang | sheang | shianq | şianğ |
| ㄒㄧㄠ | hsiao | shiau | syau | siao | xiao | shiau | shyau | sheau | shiaw | şiav |
| ㄒㄧㄝ | hsieh | shie | sye | sie | xie | shie | shye | shiee | shieh | şie |
| ㄒㄧㄢ | hsien | shian | syan | sian | xian | shian | shyan | shean | shiann | şien |
| ㄒㄧㄣ | hsin | shin | syin | sin | xin | shin | shyn | shiin | shinn | şin |
| ㄒㄧㄥ | hsing | shing | sying | sing | shing | shyng | shiing | shinq | şinğ | |
| ㄒㄧㄡ | hsiu | shiou | syou | siou | xiu | shiou | shyou | sheou | shiow | şiu |
| ㄒㄩㄥ | hsiung | shiung | syung | syong | xiong | shiong | shyong | sheong | shionq | şionğ |
| ㄒㄩ | hsü | shiu | syu | syu | xu | shiu | shyu | sheu | shiuh | şü |
| ㄒㄩㄢ | hsüan | shiuan | sywan | syuan | xuan | shiuan | shyuan | sheuan | shiuann | şüen |
| ㄒㄩㄝ | hsüeh | shiue | sywe | syue | xue | shiue | shyue | sheue | shiueh | şüe |
| ㄒㄩㄣ | hsün | shiun | syun | syun | xun | shiun | shyun | sheun | shiunn | şün |
| ㄏㄨ | hu | hu | hu | hu | hu | hu | hwu | huu | huh | hu |
| ㄏㄨㄚ | hua | hua | hwa | hua | hua | hua | hwa | hoa | huah | hua |
| ㄏㄨㄞ | huai | huai | hwai | huai | huai | huai | hwai | hoai | huay | huay |
| ㄏㄨㄢ | huan | huan | hwan | huan | huan | huan | hwan | hoan | huann | huan |
| ㄏㄨㄤ | huang | huang | hwang | huang | huang | huang | hwang | hoang | huanq | huanğ |
| ㄏㄨㄟ | hui | huei | hwei | huei | hui | huei | hwei | hoei | huey | hui |
| ㄏㄨㄣ | hun | huen | hwen | hun | hun | huen | hwen | hoen | huenn | hun |
| ㄏㄨㄥ | hung | hung | hung | hong | hong | hong | horng | hoong | honq | honğ |
| ㄏㄨㄛ | huo | huo | hwo | huo | huo | huo | hwo | huoo | huoo | huo |
| ㄧ | i | yi | yi | yi | yi | i | yi | yii | yih | i |
| ㄖㄢ | jan | ran | ran | ran | ran | rhan | ran | raan | ran | ran |
| ㄖㄤ | jang | rang | rang | rang | rang | rhang | rang | raang | rang | ranğ |
| ㄖㄠ | jao | rau | rau | rao | rao | rhau | rau | rao | rao | rav |
| ㄖㄜ | je | re | re | re | re | rhe | re | ree | rığ | |
| ㄖㄣ | jen | ren | ren | ren | ren | rhen | ren | reen | renn | rın |
| ㄖㄥ | jeng | reng | reng | reng | reng | rheng | reng | reeng | renq | rınğ |
| ㄖ | jih | r | r | rih | ri | rhy | ry | ryy | rı | |
| ㄖㄨㄛ | jo | ruo | rwo | ruo | ruo | rhuo | ruo | ruoo | ruo | |
| ㄖㄡ | jou | rou | rou | rou | rou | rhou | rou | roou | rov | |
| ㄖㄨ | ju | ru | ru | ru | ru | rhu | ru | ruu | ruh | ru |
| ㄖㄨㄢ | juan | ruan | rwan | ruan | ruan | rhuan | ruan | roan | ruan | |
| ㄖㄨㄟ | jui | ruei | rwei | ruei | rui | rhuei | ruei | roei | rui | |
| ㄖㄨㄣ | jun | ruen | rwun | run | run | rhuen | ruen | roen | run | |
| ㄖㄨㄥ | jung | rung | rung | rong | rong | rhong | rong | roong | ronq | ronğ |
| ㄍㄚ | ka | ga | ga | ga | ga | ga | gar | gaa | gah | ga |
| ㄎㄚ | k'a | ka | ka | ka | ka | ka | kar | kaa | kah | ka |
| ㄍㄞ | kai | gai | gai | gai | gai | gai | gair | gae | gay | gay |
| ㄎㄞ | k'ai | kai | kai | kai | kai | kai | kair | kae | kay | kay |
| ㄍㄢ | kan | gan | gan | gan | gan | gan | garn | gaan | gann | gan |
| ㄎㄢ | k'an | kan | kan | kan | kan | kan | karn | kaan | kann | kan |
| ㄍㄤ | kang | gang | gang | gang | gang | gang | garng | gaang | ganq | ganğ |
| ㄎㄤ | k'ang | kang | kang | kang | kang | kang | karng | kaang | kanq | kanğ |
| ㄍㄠ | kao | gau | gau | gao | gao | gau | gaur | gao | gaw | gav |
| ㄎㄠ | k'ao | kau | kau | kao | kao | kau | kaur | kao | kaw | kav |
| ㄍㄟ | kei | gei | gei | gei | gei | gei | geir | geei | gey | gey |
| ㄍㄣ | ken | gen | gen | gen | gen | gen | gern | geen | genn | gın |
| ㄎㄣ | k'en | ken | ken | ken | ken | ken | kern | keen | kenn | kın |
| ㄍㄥ | keng | geng | geng | geng | geng | geng | gerng | geeng | genq | gınğ |
| ㄎㄥ | k'eng | keng | keng | keng | keng | keng | kerng | keeng | kenq | kınğ |
| ㄍㄜ | ko | ge | ge | ge | ge | ge | ger | gee | geh | gı |
| ㄎㄜ | k'o | ke | ke | ke | ke | ke | ker | kee | keh | kı |
| ㄍㄡ | kou | gou | gou | gou | gou | gou | gour | goou | goğ | |
| ㄎㄡ | k'ou | kou | kou | kou | kou | kou | kour | koou | koğ | |
| ㄍㄨ | ku | gu | gu | gu | gu | gu | gwu | guu | guh | gu |
| ㄎㄨ | k'u | ku | ku | ku | ku | ku | kwu | kuu | kuh | ku |
| ㄍㄨㄚ | kua | gua | gwa | gua | gua | gua | gwa | goa | guah | gua |
| ㄎㄨㄚ | k'ua | kua | kwa | kua | kua | kua | kwa | koa | kuah | kua |
| ㄍㄨㄞ | kuai | guai | gwai | guai | guai | guai | gwai | goai | guay | guay |
| ㄎㄨㄞ | k'uai | kuai | kwai | kuai | kuai | kuai | kwai | koai | kuay | kuay |
| ㄍㄨㄢ | kuan | guan | gwan | guan | guan | guan | gwan | goan | guann | guan |
| ㄎㄨㄢ | k'uan | kuan | kwan | kuan | kuan | kuan | kwan | koan | kuann | kuan |
| ㄍㄨㄤ | kuang | guang | gwang | guang | guang | guang | gwang | goang | guanq | guanğ |
| ㄎㄨㄤ | k'uang | kuang | kwang | kuang | kuang | kuang | kwang | koang | kuanq | kuanğ |
| ㄍㄨㄟ | kuei | guei | gwei | guei | gui | guei | gwei | goei | guey | gui |
| ㄎㄨㄟ | k'uei | kuei | kwei | kuei | kui | kuei | kwei | koei | kuey | kui |
| ㄍㄨㄣ | kun | guen | gwun | gun | gun | guen | gwen | goen | guenn | gun |
| ㄎㄨㄣ | k'un | kuen | kwen | kun | kun | kuen | kwen | koen | kuenn | kun |
| ㄍㄨㄥ | kung | gung | gung | gong | gong | gong | gorng | goong | gonq | gonğ |
| ㄎㄨㄥ | k'ung | kung | kung | kong | kong | kong | korng | koong | konq | konğ |
| ㄍㄨㄛ | kuo | guo | gwo | guo | guo | guo | gwo | guoo | guoh | guo |
| ㄎㄨㄛ | k'uo | kuo | kwo | kuo | kuo | kuo | kwo | kuoo | kuoh | kuo |
| ㄌㄚ | la | la | la | la | la | lha | la | laa | lah | la |
| ㄌㄞ | lai | lai | lai | lai | lai | lhai | lai | lae | lay | lay |
| ㄌㄢ | lan | lan | lan | lan | lan | lhan | lan | laan | lann | lan |
| ㄌㄤ | lang | lang | lang | lang | lang | lhang | lang | laang | lanq | lanğ |
| ㄌㄠ | lao | lau | lau | lao | lao | lhau | lau | lao | law | lav |
| ㄌㄜ | le | le | le | le | le | lhe | le | lee | leh | lı |
| ㄌㄟ | lei | lei | lei | lei | lei | lhei | lei | leei | ley | ley |
| ㄌㄥ | leng | leng | leng | leng | leng | lheng | leng | leeng | lenq | lınğ |
| ㄌㄧ | li | li | li | li | li | lhi | li | lii | lih | li |
| ㄌㄧㄚ | lia | lia | lya | lia | lia | lhia | lia | lea | liah | lia |
| ㄌㄧㄤ | liang | liang | lyang | liang | liang | lhiang | liang | leang | lianq | lianğ |
| ㄌㄧㄠ | liao | liau | lyau | liao | liao | lhiau | liau | leau | liaw | liav |
| ㄌㄧㄝ | lieh | lie | lye | lie | lie | lhie | lie | liee | lieh | lie |
| ㄌㄧㄢ | lien | lian | lyan | lian | lian | lhian | lian | lean | liann | lien |
| ㄌㄧㄣ | lin | lin | lin | lin | lin | lhin | lin | liin | linn | lin |
| ㄌㄧㄥ | ling | ling | ling | ling | ling | lhing | ling | liing | linq | linğ |
| ㄌㄧㄡ | liu | liou | lyou | liou | liu | lhiou | liou | leou | liow | liu |
| ㄌㄛ | lo | lo | lo | lo | lo | lo | lor | loo | loh | lo |
| ㄌㄨㄛ | lo | luo | lwo | luo | luo | lhuo | luo | luoo | luoh | luo |
| ㄌㄡ | lou | lou | lou | lou | lou | lhou | lou | loou | low | loğ |
| ㄌㄨ | lu | lu | lu | lu | lu | lhu | lu | luu | luh | lu |
| ㄌㄨㄢ | luan | luan | lwan | luan | luan | lhuan | luan | loan | luann | luan |
| ㄌㄨㄣ | lun | luen | lwun | lun | lun | lhuen | luen | loen | luenn | lun |
| ㄌㄨㄥ | lung | lung | lung | long | long | lhong | long | loong | lonq | lonğ |
| ㄌㄩ | lü | liu | lyu | lyu | lü | lhiu | liu | leu | liuh | lü |
| ㄌㄩㄝ | lüeh | liue | lywe | lyue | lüe | lhiue | liue | leue | liueh | lüe |
| ㄌㄩㄣ | lün | liun | lyun | lyun | lün | lhiun | liun | leun | lün | |
| ㄇㄚ | ma | ma | ma | ma | ma | mha | ma | maa | mah | ma |
| ㄇㄞ | mai | mai | mai | mai | mai | mhai | mai | mae | may | may |
| ㄇㄢ | man | man | man | man | man | mhan | man | maan | mann | man |
| ㄇㄤ | mang | mang | mang | mang | mang | mhang | mang | maang | manq | manğ |
| ㄇㄠ | mao | mau | mau | mao | mao | mhau | mau | mao | maw | mav |
| ㄇㄜ | me | me | me | me | me | me | mer | mee | meh | mı |
| ㄇㄟ | mei | mei | mei | mei | mei | mhei | mei | meei | mey | mei |
| ㄇㄣ | men | men | men | men | men | mhen | men | meen | menn | mın |
| ㄇㄥ | meng | meng | meng | meng | meng | mheng | meng | meeng | menq | mınğ |
| ㄇㄧ | mi | mi | mi | mi | mi | mhi | mi | mii | mih | mi |
| ㄇㄧㄠ | miao | miau | myau | miao | miao | mhiau | miau | meau | miaw | miav |
| ㄇㄧㄝ | mieh | mie | mye | mie | mie | mhie | mie | miee | mieh | mie |
| ㄇㄧㄢ | mien | mian | myan | mian | mian | mhian | mian | mean | miann | mien |
| ㄇㄧㄣ | min | min | min | min | min | mhin | min | miin | minn | min |
| ㄇㄧㄥ | ming | ming | ming | ming | ming | mhing | ming | miing | minq | minğ |
| ㄇㄧㄡ | miu | miou | myou | miou | miu | mhiou | miou | meou | miow | miu |
| ㄇㄛ | mo | mo | mwo | mo | mo | mho | mo | moo | moh | mo |
| ㄇㄡ | mou | mou | mou | mou | mou | mhou | mou | moou | moğ | |
| ㄇㄨ | mu | mu | mu | mu | mu | mhu | mu | muu | muh | mu |
| ㄋㄚ | na | na | na | na | na | nha | na | naa | nah | na |
| ㄋㄞ | nai | nai | nai | nai | nai | nhai | nai | nae | nay | nay |
| ㄋㄢ | nan | nan | nan | nan | nan | nhan | nan | naan | nann | nan |
| ㄋㄤ | nang | nang | nang | nang | nang | nhang | nang | naang | nanq | nanğ |
| ㄋㄠ | nao | nau | nau | nao | nao | nhau | nau | nao | naw | nav |
| ㄋㄜ | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne | nhe | ne | nee | neh | nı |
| ㄋㄟ | nei | nei | nei | nei | nei | nhei | nei | neei | ney | |
| ㄋㄣ | nen | nen | nen | nen | nen | nhen | nen | neen | nenn | nın |
| ㄋㄥ | neng | neng | neng | neng | neng | nheng | neng | neeng | nenq | nınğ |
| ㄋㄧ | ni | ni | ni | ni | ni | nhi | ni | nii | nih | ni |
| ㄋㄧㄚ | nia | nia | nya | nia | nia | nia | niar | niaa | niah | nia |
| ㄋㄧㄤ | niang | niang | nyang | niang | niang | nhiang | niang | neang | nianq | nianğ |
| ㄋㄧㄠ | niao | niau | nyau | niao | niao | nhiau | niau | neau | niaw | niav |
| ㄋㄧㄝ | nieh | nie | nye | nie | nie | nhie | nie | niee | nieh | nie |
| ㄋㄧㄢ | nien | nian | nyan | nian | nian | nhian | nian | nean | niann | nien |
| ㄋㄧㄣ | nin | nin | nin | nin | nin | nhin | nin | niin | ninn | nin |
| ㄋㄧㄥ | ning | ning | ning | ning | ning | nhing | ning | niing | ninq | ninğ |
| ㄋㄧㄡ | niu | niou | nyou | niou | niu | nhiou | niou | neou | niow | niu |
| ㄋㄨㄛ | no | nuo | nwo | nuo | nuo | nhuo | nuo | nuoo | nuoh | nuo |
| ㄋㄡ | nou | nou | nou | nou | nou | nhou | nou | noou | now | noğ |
| ㄋㄨ | nu | nu | nu | nu | nu | nhu | nu | nuu | nuh | nu |
| ㄋㄨㄢ | nuan | nuan | nwan | nuan | nuan | nhuan | nuan | noan | nuann | nuen |
| ㄋㄨㄣ | nun | nuen | nwen | nun | nun | nhuen | nuen | noen | nuenn | nun |
| ㄋㄨㄥ | nung | nung | nung | nong | nong | nhong | nong | noong | nonq | nonğ |
| ㄋㄩ | nü | niu | nyu | nyu | nü | nhiu | niu | neu | niuh | nü |
| ㄋㄩㄝ | nüeh | niue | nywe | nyue | nüe | nhiue | niue | neue | niueh | nüe |
| ㄡ | ou | ou | ou | ou | ou | ou | our | oou | ow | oğ |
| ㄅㄚ | pa | ba | ba | ba | ba | ba | bar | baa | bah | ba |
| ㄆㄚ | p'a | pa | pa | pa | pa | pa | par | paa | pah | pa |
| ㄅㄞ | pai | bai | bai | bai | bai | bai | bair | bae | bay | bay |
| ㄆㄞ | p'ai | pai | pai | pai | pai | pai | pair | pae | pay | pay |
| ㄅㄢ | pan | ban | ban | ban | ban | ban | barn | baan | bann | ban |
| ㄆㄢ | p'an | pan | pan | pan | pan | pan | parn | paan | pann | pan |
| ㄅㄤ | pang | bang | bang | bang | bang | bang | barng | baang | banq | banğ |
| ㄆㄤ | p'ang | pang | pang | pang | pang | pang | parng | paang | panq | panğ |
| ㄅㄠ | pao | bau | bau | bao | bao | bau | baur | bao | baw | bav |
| ㄆㄠ | p'ao | pau | pau | pao | pao | pau | paur | pao | paw | pav |
| ㄅㄟ | pei | bei | bei | bei | bei | bei | beir | beei | bey | bey |
| ㄆㄟ | p'ei | pei | pei | pei | pei | pei | peir | peei | pey | pey |
| ㄅㄣ | pen | ben | ben | ben | ben | ben | bern | been | benn | bın |
| ㄆㄣ | p'en | pen | pen | pen | pen | pen | pern | peen | penn | pın |
| ㄅㄥ | peng | beng | beng | beng | beng | beng | berng | beeng | benq | bınğ |
| ㄆㄥ | p'eng | peng | peng | peng | peng | peng | perng | peeng | penq | pınğ |
| ㄅㄧ | pi | bi | bi | bi | bi | bi | byi | bii | bih | bi |
| ㄆㄧ | p'i | pi | pi | pi | pi | pi | pyi | pii | pih | pi |
| ㄅㄧㄠ | piao | biau | byau | biao | biao | biau | byau | beau | biaw | biav |
| ㄆㄧㄠ | p'iao | piau | pyau | piao | piao | piau | pyau | peau | piaw | piav |
| ㄅㄧㄝ | pieh | bie | bye | bie | bie | bie | bye | biee | bieh | bie |
| ㄆㄧㄝ | p'ieh | pie | pye | pie | pie | pie | pye | piee | pieh | pie |
| ㄅㄧㄢ | pien | bian | byan | bian | bian | bian | byan | bean | biann | bien |
| ㄆㄧㄢ | p'ien | pian | pyan | pian | pian | pian | pyan | pean | piann | pien |
| ㄅㄧㄣ | pin | bin | bin | bin | bin | bin | byn | biin | binn | bin |
| ㄆㄧㄣ | p'in | pin | pin | pin | pin | pin | pyn | piin | pinn | pin |
| ㄅㄧㄥ | ping | bing | bing | bing | bing | bing | byng | biing | binq | binğ |
| ㄆㄧㄥ | p'ing | ping | ping | ping | ping | ping | pyng | piing | pinq | pinğ |
| ㄅㄛ | po | bo | bwo | bo | bo | bo | bor | boo | boh | bo |
| ㄆㄛ | p'o | po | pwo | po | po | po | por | poo | poh | po |
| ㄆㄡ | p'ou | pou | pou | pou | pou | pou | pour | poou | pow | poğ |
| ㄅㄨ | pu | bu | bu | bu | bu | bu | bwu | buu | buh | bu |
| ㄆㄨ | p'u | pu | pu | pu | pu | pu | pwu | puu | puh | pu |
| ㄙㄚ | sa | sa | sa | sa | sa | sa | sar | saa | sah | sa |
| ㄙㄞ | sai | sai | sai | sai | sai | sai | sair | sae | say | say |
| ㄙㄢ | san | san | san | san | san | san | sarn | saan | sann | san |
| ㄙㄤ | sang | sang | sang | sang | sang | sang | sarng | saang | sanq | sanğ |
| ㄙㄠ | sao | sau | sau | sao | sao | sau | saur | sao | saw | sav |
| ㄙㄜ | se | se | se | se | se | se | ser | see | seh | sığ |
| ㄙㄟ | sei | sei | sei | sei | sei | sei | seir | seei | sey | sey |
| ㄙㄣ | sen | sen | sen | sen | sen | sen | sern | seen | senn | sın |
| ㄙㄥ | seng | seng | seng | seng | seng | seng | serng | seeng | senq | sınğ |
| ㄕㄚ | sha | sha | sha | sha | sha | sha | shar | shaa | shah | şa |
| ㄕㄞ | shai | shai | shai | shai | shai | shai | shair | shae | shay | şay |
| ㄕㄢ | shan | shan | shan | shan | shan | shan | sharn | shaan | shann | şan |
| ㄕㄤ | shang | shang | shang | shang | shang | shang | sharng | shaang | shanq | şanğ |
| ㄕㄠ | shao | shau | shau | shao | shao | shau | shaur | shao | shaw | şav |
| ㄕㄜ | she | she | she | she | she | she | sher | shee | sheh | şığ |
| ㄕㄟ | shei | shei | shei | shei | shei | shei | sheir | sheei | shey | şey |
| ㄕㄣ | shen | shen | shen | shen | shen | shen | shern | sheen | shenn | şın |
| ㄕㄥ | sheng | sheng | sheng | sheng | sheng | sheng | sherng | sheeng | shenq | şınğ |
| ㄕ | shih | shr | shr | shih | shi | shy | shyr | shyy | shyh | şı |
| ㄕㄡ | shou | shou | shou | shou | shou | shou | shour | shoou | show | şo |
| ㄕㄨ | shu | shu | shu | shu | shu | shu | shwu | shuu | shuh | şu |
| ㄕㄨㄚ | shua | shua | shwa | shua | shua | shua | shwa | shoa | shuah | şua |
| ㄕㄨㄞ | shuai | shuai | shwai | shuai | shuai | shuai | shwai | shoai | shuay | şuay |
| ㄕㄨㄢ | shuan | shuan | shwan | shuan | shuan | shuan | shwan | shoan | shuann | şu an |
| ㄕㄨㄤ | shuang | shuang | shwang | shuang | shuang | shuang | shwang | shoang | shuanq | şu anğ |
| ㄕㄨㄟ | shui | shuei | shwei | shuei | shui | shuei | shwei | shoei | shuey | şuği |
| ㄕㄨㄣ | shun | shuen | shwun | shun | shun | shuen | shwen | shoen | shuenn | şun |
| ㄕㄨㄥ | shung | shung | shung | shong | shong | shong | shorng | shoong | shonq | şonğ |
| ㄕㄨㄛ | shuo | shuo | shwo | shuo | shuo | shuo | shwo | shuoo | shuoh | şuo |
| ㄙㄨㄛ | so | suo | swo | suo | suo | suo | swo | suoo | suoh | suo |
| ㄙㄡ | sou | sou | sou | sou | sou | sou | sour | soou | sow | soğ |
| ㄙ | ssu | sz | sz | sih | si | sy | syr | syy | syh | si |
| ㄙㄨ | su | su | su | su | su | su | swu | suu | suh | su |
| ㄙㄨㄢ | suan | suan | swan | suan | suan | suan | swan | soan | suann | suan |
| ㄙㄨㄟ | sui | suei | swei | suei | sui | suei | swei | soei | suey | sui |
| ㄙㄨㄣ | sun | suen | swen | sun | sun | suen | swen | soen | suenn | sun |
| ㄙㄨㄥ | sung | sung | sung | song | song | song | sorng | soong | sonq | sonğ |
| ㄉㄚ | ta | da | da | da | da | da | dar | daa | dah | da |
| ㄊㄚ | t'a | ta | ta | ta | ta | ta | tar | taa | tah | ta |
| ㄉㄞ | tai | dai | dai | dai | dai | dai | dair | dae | day | day |
| ㄊㄞ | t'ai | tai | tai | tai | tai | tai | tair | tae | tay | tay |
| ㄉㄢ | tan | dan | dan | dan | dan | dan | darn | daan | dann | dan |
| ㄊㄢ | t'an | tan | tan | tan | tan | tan | tarn | taan | tann | tan |
| ㄉㄤ | tang | dang | dang | dang | dang | dang | darng | daang | danq | danğ |
| ㄊㄤ | t'ang | tang | tang | tang | tang | tang | tarng | taang | tanq | tanğ |
| ㄉㄠ | tao | dau | dau | dao | dao | dau | daur | dao | daw | dav |
| ㄊㄠ | t'ao | tau | tau | tao | tao | tau | taur | tao | taw | tav |
| ㄉㄜ | te | de | de | de | de | de | der | dee | deh | dı |
| ㄊㄜ | t'e | te | te | te | te | te | ter | tee | teh | tı |
| ㄉㄟ | tei | dei | dei | dei | dei | dei | deir | deei | dey | dey |
| ㄉㄣ | ten | den | den | den | den | den | dern | deen | denn | dın |
| ㄉㄥ | teng | deng | deng | deng | deng | deng | derng | deeng | denq | dınğ |
| ㄊㄥ | t'eng | teng | teng | teng | teng | teng | terng | teeng | tenq | tınğ |
| ㄉㄧ | ti | di | di | di | di | di | dyi | dii | dih | di |
| ㄊㄧ | t'i | ti | ti | ti | ti | ti | tyi | tii | tih | ti |
| ㄉㄧㄤ | tiang | diang | dyang | diang | diang | diang | dyang | deang | dianq | dianğ |
| ㄉㄧㄠ | tiao | diau | dyau | diao | diao | diau | dyau | deau | diaw | diav |
| ㄊㄧㄠ | t'iao | tiau | tyau | tiao | tiao | tiau | tyau | teau | tiaw | tiav |
| ㄉㄧㄝ | tieh | die | dye | die | die | die | dye | diee | dieh | die |
| ㄊㄧㄝ | t'ieh | tie | tye | tie | tie | tie | tye | tiee | tieh | tie |
| ㄉㄧㄢ | tien | dian | dyan | dian | dian | dian | dyan | dean | diann | dien |
| ㄊㄧㄢ | t'ien | tian | tyan | tian | tian | tian | tyan | tean | tiann | tien |
| ㄉㄧㄥ | ting | ding | ding | ding | ding | ding | dyng | diing | dinq | dinğ |
| ㄊㄧㄥ | t'ing | ting | ting | ting | ting | ting | tyng | tiing | tinq | tinğ |
| ㄉㄧㄡ | tiu | diou | dyou | diou | diu | diou | dyou | deou | diow | diu |
| ㄉㄨㄛ | to | duo | dwo | duo | duo | duo | dwo | duoo | duoh | duo |
| ㄊㄨㄛ | t'o | tuo | two | tuo | tuo | tuo | two | tuoo | tuoh | tuo |
| ㄉㄡ | tou | dou | dou | dou | dou | dou | dour | doou | dow | doğ |
| ㄊㄡ | t'ou | tou | tou | tou | tou | tou | tour | toou | tow | toğ |
| ㄗㄚ | tsa | tza | dza | za | za | tza | tzar | tzaa | tzah | dza |
| ㄘㄚ | ts'a | tsa | tsa | ca | ca | tsa | tsar | tsaa | tsah | tsa |
| ㄗㄞ | tsai | tzai | dzai | zai | zai | tzai | tzair | tzae | tzay | dzay |
| ㄘㄞ | ts'ai | tsai | tsai | cai | cai | tsai | tsair | tsae | tsay | tsay |
| ㄗㄢ | tsan | tzan | dzan | zan | zan | tzan | tzarn | tzaan | tzann | dzan |
| ㄘㄢ | ts'an | tsan | tsan | can | can | tsan | tsarn | tsaan | tsann | tsan |
| ㄗㄤ | tsang | tzang | dzang | zang | zang | tzang | tzarng | tzaang | tzanq | dzanğ |
| ㄘㄤ | ts'ang | tsang | tsang | cang | cang | tsang | tsarng | tsaang | tsanq | tsanğ |
| ㄗㄠ | tsao | tzau | dzau | zao | zao | tzau | tzaur | tzao | tzaw | dzav |
| ㄘㄠ | ts'ao | tsau | tsau | cao | cao | tsau | tsaur | tsao | tsaw | tsav |
| ㄗㄜ | tse | tze | dze | ze | ze | tze | tzer | tzee | tzeh | dzığ |
| ㄘㄜ | ts'e | tse | tse | ce | ce | tse | tser | tsee | tseh | tsığ |
| ㄗㄟ | tsei | tzei | dzei | zei | zei | tzei | tzeir | tzeei | tzey | dzey |
| ㄗㄣ | tsen | tzen | dzen | zen | zen | tzen | tzern | tzeen | tzenn | dzın |
| ㄘㄣ | ts'en | tsen | tsen | cen | cen | tsen | tsern | tseen | tsenn | tsın |
| ㄗㄥ | tseng | tzeng | dzeng | zeng | zeng | tzeng | tzerng | tzeeng | tzenq | dzınğ |
| ㄘㄥ | ts'eng | tseng | tseng | ceng | ceng | tseng | tserng | tseeng | tsenq | tsınğ |
| ㄗㄨㄛ | tso | tzuo | dzwo | zuo | zuo | tzuo | tzwo | tzuoo | tzuoh | dzuo |
| ㄘㄨㄛ | ts'o | tsuo | tswo | cuo | cuo | tsuo | tswo | tsuoo | tsuoh | tsuo |
| ㄗㄡ | tsou | tzou | dzou | zou | zou | tzou | tzour | tzoou | tzow | dzoğ |
| ㄘㄡ | ts'ou | tsou | tsou | cou | cou | tsou | tsour | tsoou | tsow | tsoğ |
| ㄗㄨ | tsu | tzu | dzu | zu | zu | tzu | tzwu | tzuu | tzuh | dzu |
| ㄘㄨ | ts'u | tsu | tsu | cu | cu | tsu | tswu | tsuu | tsuh | tsu |
| ㄗㄨㄢ | tsuan | tzuan | dzwan | zuan | zuan | tzuan | tzwan | tzoan | tzuann | dzuan |
| ㄘㄨㄢ | ts'uan | tsuan | tsu | cuan | cuan | tsuan | tswan | tsoan | tsuann | tsuan |
| ㄗㄨㄟ | tsui | tzuei | dzwei | zuei | zui | tzuei | tzwei | tzoei | tzuey | dzui |
| ㄘㄨㄟ | ts'ui | tsuei | tswei | cuei | cui | tsuei | tswei | tsoei | tsuey | tsui |
| ㄗㄨㄣ | tsun | tzuen | dzwen | zun | zun | tzuen | tzwen | tzoen | tzuenn | dzun |
| ㄘㄨㄣ | ts'un | tsuen | tswen | cun | cun | tsuen | tswen | tsoen | tsuenn | tsun |
| ㄗㄨㄥ | tsung | tzung | dzung | zong | zong | tzong | tzorng | tzoong | tzonq | dzonğ |
| ㄘㄨㄥ | ts'ung | tsung | tsung | cong | cong | tsong | tsorng | tsoong | tsonq | tsonğ |
| ㄉㄨ | tu | du | du | du | du | du | dwu | duu | duh | du |
| ㄊㄨ | t'u | tu | tu | tu | tu | tu | twu | tuu | tuh | tu |
| ㄉㄨㄢ | tuan | duan | dwan | duan | duan | duan | dwan | doan | duann | duan |
| ㄊㄨㄢ | t'uan | tuan | twan | tuan | tuan | tuan | twan | toan | tuann | tuan |
| ㄉㄨㄟ | tui | duei | dwei | duei | dui | duei | dwei | doei | duey | dui |
| ㄊㄨㄟ | t'ui | tuei | twei | tuei | tui | tuei | twei | toei | tuey | tui |
| ㄉㄨㄣ | tun | duen | dwen | dun | dun | duen | dwen | doen | duenn | dun |
| ㄊㄨㄣ | t'un | tuen | twen | tun | tun | tuen | twen | toen | tuenn | tun |
| ㄉㄨㄥ | tung | dung | dung | dong | dong | dong | dorng | doong | donq | donğ |
| ㄊㄨㄥ | t'ung | tung | tung | tong | tong | tong | torng | toong | tonq | tonğ |
| ㄗ | tzu | tz | dz | zih | zi | tzy | tzyr | tzyy | tzyh | zı |
| ㄘ | tz'u | tsz | tsz | cih | ci | tsy | tsyr | tsyy | tsyh | tsı |
| ㄨㄚ | wa | wa | wa | wa | wa | ua | wa | waa | wah | va |
| ㄨㄞ | wai | wai | wai | wai | wai | uai | wai | woai | way | vay |
| ㄨㄢ | wan | wan | wan | wan | wan | uan | wan | woan | wann | van |
| ㄨㄤ | wang | wang | wang | wang | wang | uang | wang | woang | wanq | vanğ |
| ㄨㄟ | wei | wei | wei | wei | wei | uei | wei | woei | wey | vey |
| ㄨㄣ | wen | wen | wen | wun | wen | uen | wen | woen | wenn | vın |
| ㄨㄥ | weng | weng | weng | wong | weng | ueng | weng | woeng | wenq | vınğ |
| ㄨㄛ | wo | wo | wo | wo | wo | uo | wo | woo | woh | uo |
| ㄨ | wu | wu | wu | wu | wu | u | wu | wuu | wuh | u |
| ㄧㄚ | ya | ya | ya | ya | ya | ia | ya | yea | yah | ya |
| ㄧㄢ | yan | yan | yan | yan | yan | ian | yan | yean | yann | yen |
| ㄧㄤ | yang | yang | yang | yang | yang | iang | yang | yeang | yanq | yanğ |
| ㄧㄠ | yao | yau | yau | yao | yao | iau | yau | yeau | yaw | yav |
| ㄧㄝ | yeh | ye | ye | ye | ye | ie | ye | yee | yeh | ye |
| ㄧㄣ | yin | yin | yin | yin | yin | in | yn | yiin | yinn | in |
| ㄧㄥ | ying | ying | ying | ying | ying | ing | yng | yiing | yinq | inğ |
| ㄧㄡ | yu | you | you | you | you | iou | you | yeou | yow | you |
| ㄩㄥ | yung | yung | yung | yong | yong | iong | yong | yeong | yonq | yonğ |
| ㄩ | yü | yu | yu | yu | yu | iu | yu | yeu | yuh | ü |
| ㄩㄢ | yüan | yuan | ywan | yuan | yuan | iuan | yuan | yeuan | yuann | yüen |
| ㄩㄝ | yüeh | yue | ywe | yue | yue | iue | yue | yeue | yueh | yüe |
| ㄩㄣ | yün | yun | yun | yun | yun | iun | yun | yeun | yunn | yün |
Pinyinin telaffuzu
| Pinyin | IPA | Türkçedeki karşılığı |
|---|---|---|
| b | [p] | b[kaynak belirtilmeli] |
| p | [pʰ] | p |
| m | [m] | m |
| f | [f] | f |
| d | [t] | d[kaynak belirtilmeli] |
| t | [tʰ] | t |
| n | [n] | n |
| l | [l] | l |
| g | [k] | g[kaynak belirtilmeli] |
| k | [kʰ] | k |
| h | [x] | h[kaynak belirtilmeli] |
| j | [tɕ] | c[kaynak belirtilmeli] |
| q | [tɕʰ] | ç |
| x | [ɕ] | ş |
| zh | [tʂ] | c[kaynak belirtilmeli] |
| ch | [tʂʰ] | ç |
| sh | [ʂ] | ş |
| r | [ʐ] or [ɻ] | r |
| z | [ts] | z |
| c | [tsʰ] | ts |
| s | [s] | s |
Tonlar
Pinyin sisteminde Standart Çince'de yer alan dört ton şöyle belirtilir:
- Birinci ton: (düz ya da yüksek ton) (ˉ)
ā (ɑ̄) ē ī ō ū ǖ Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū Ǖ
- İkinci ton: (yükselen ton) (ˊ)
á (ɑ́) é í ó ú ǘ Á É Í Ó Ú Ǘ
- Üçüncü ton: (düşük veya alçak ton) (ˇ)
ǎ (ɑ̌) ě ǐ ǒ ǔ ǚ Ǎ Ě Ǐ Ǒ Ǔ Ǚ
- Dördüncü ton: (düşen ton): (ˋ)
à (ɑ̀) è ì ò ù ǜ À È Ì Ò Ù Ǜ
- Beşinci ton (nötr ton): (Bu ton için herhangi bir işaret kullanılmaz)
a (ɑ) e i o u ü A E I O U Ü
Bu tonlar genellikle Çince ders kitapları dışında pek kullanılmazlar. Ancak doğru telaffuz için gereklidirler.
Diğer Diller
Çincenin farklı varyantları için Pinyin benzeri sistemler geliştirilmiştir. Örneğin Guangdong eyaleti hükûmeti tarafından eyalette konuşulan diller için Guangdong romanizasyonu adı verilen bir sistem geliştirilmiştir.
Bunun dışında 1976'da alınan bir kararla, azınlık bölgelerindeki azınlık diliyle anılan yer isimlerinin de pinyindeki 26 harf ile yazılması kararlaştırılmıştır:
Kaynakça
Ayrıca bakınız
Dış bağlantılar
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