Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of (Ashura) in Twelver Shi'Ism. Esposito, John (1990). Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University
Sha'aban observed by many Sunni Muslims 15 Sha'aban, birth of the last Twelver Imām, Muhammad al-Mahdi 22 Sha'aban 1314 AH, death of Khwaja Muhammad Usman
disagreement about this date; see Isra and Mi'raj. Primarily observed by Twelver Shias. Most often observed on 27 Ramaḍān; see Laylat al-Qadr. Primarily
Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300034997. Moosa, Matti (1988). Extremist
Moojan (1987). An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5. Nasr, Seyed Muhammad