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உயிர்த்தெழுந்த இயேசு காட்சியளித்தல் (Resurrection appearances of Jesus) என்ற தலைப்பில், இயேசு சிலுவையில் இறந்து, கல்லறையில் அடக்கப்பட்டு, மீண்டும் உயிர்பெற்றெழுந்தபின், விண்ணகம் செல்லுமுன் சீடர்களுக்குக் காட்சியளித்து அவர்களோடு உறவாடினார் என்று நற்செய்தி நூல்கள் தரும் செய்தி எடுத்துக் கூறப்படுகிறது.
இவ்வாறு இயேசு காட்சியளித்த செய்தி கீழ்வரும் நற்செய்திப் பகுதிகளில் உள்ளது:
இந்த முதன்மை ஆதாரங்களுள் 1 கொரிந்தியர் காலத்தால் மிக முற்பட்டது என்பது அறிஞர் கருத்து.[1]அக்கடிதத்தை புனித பவுல் கி.பி. சுமார் 55ஆம் ஆண்டில் எழுதினார்.[2]புற விவிலிய நூலான "எபிரேயர் நற்செய்தி" (Gospel of the Hebrews) இயேசுவின் சகோதரரான யாக்கோபுக்கு உயிர்த்தெழுந்த இயேசு காட்சியளித்தார் என்பதை விவரிக்கிறது.[3]
மத்தேயு நற்செய்திப்படி, இயேசு சாவினின்று உயிர்பெற்றெழுந்து, கல்லறை அருகே மகதலா மரியாவுக்கும் மற்றொரு மரியாவுக்கும் காட்சியளித்தார். பின்னர் யூதாசு தவிர மற்ற பதினொரு சிடர்களும் கலிலேயாவின் ஒரு மலைக்குச் சென்று அங்கே இயேசுவைக் காட்சியில் காண்கின்றனர். அவர்களுக்கு, "தந்தை, மகன், தூய ஆவியின் பெயரால் திருமுழுக்கு அளித்து அனைத்து மக்களையும் சீடராக்கும்" பொறுப்பை இயேசு கொடுக்கிறார்.
லூக்கா நற்செய்தியில், இயேசு தம் சீடர்களுக்குக் காட்சியளித்து, அவர்களோடு உணவருந்திய செய்தி குறிக்கப்படுகிறது.[4]அவர்கள் எருசலேமில் காத்திருக்கும்படி இயேசு கூறுகிறார். பிறகு இயேசு விண் ஏகுகிறார். சீடர்களும் இயேசு பற்றிய நற்செய்தியை எருசலேமிலிருந்து தொடங்கி உலகெங்கிலும் அறிவிக்கப் புறப்படுகிறார்கள்.
லூக்கா நற்செய்தியின் ஆசிரியரே எழுதிய திருத்தூதர் பணிகள் நூலில், இயேசு தம் சாவுக்குப் பின் சீடர்களுக்கு உயிரோடு தோன்றுகிறார். அவர்களோடு நாற்பது நாள்கள் தங்கியிருக்கிறார். பின்னர் விண்ணகம் எழுந்துசெல்கின்றார். அதே திருத்தூதர் பணிகள் நூலில் புனித பவுல் மனமாற்றம் அடைந்த நிகழ்ச்சியில் இயேசு அவருக்குத் தோன்றுகிறார்.
யோவான் எழுதிய நற்செய்தியின்படி, வெறுமையான கல்லறையின் அருகே இயேசுவை மரியா மட்டுமே காண்கிறார். அப்போது இயேசு மரியாவிடம் “என்னை இப்படிப் பற்றிக் கொள்ளாதே. நான் என் தந்தையிடம் இன்னும் செல்லவில்லை” என்று கூறுகிறார் (யோவான் 20:17). அதன் பிறகே இயேசு ஏனைய சீடர்களுக்குத் தோன்றுகிறார். கதவு மூடியிருந்த போதும் அவர் சீடர்கள் இருந்த அறையில் அவர்களுக்குத் தோன்றி தோமாவிடம் தமது காயங்களைத் தொட்டுப் பார்க்குமாறு கூறுகிறார். அதன் பிறகு இயேசு பேதுருவுக்குத் தோன்றி, அவரிடம் தமது ஆட்டுக்குட்டிகளை மேய்க்கின்ற பொறுப்பை ஒப்படைக்கிறார்.
மாற்கு நற்செய்தியின் இறுதியான 16ஆம் அதிகாரத்தில் இயேசுவின் காட்சிகள் சுருக்கமாகத் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. சீடர்களுக்கு இயேசு தோன்றியதை மத்தேயு, லூக்கா ஆகிய நற்செய்தியாளர்கள் விரிவாகத் தந்துள்ளனர்.
உயிர்த்தெழுந்தபின் இயேசு சீடர்களுக்குத் தோன்றியது பற்றி லூக்கா நற்செய்தி தரும் செய்திகள் இவை:
எம்மாவு சென்ற வழியில் இயேசுவைச் சந்தித்த செய்தியை கிளயோப்பாவும் அவருடைய தோழரும் பிற சீடர்களுக்கு எடுத்துக்கூறியபோது, “இயேசு அப்பத்தைப் பிட்டுக் கொடுக்கும்போது அவரைக் கண்டுகொண்டோம்” (லூக்கா 35) என்று கூறினார்கள். இயேசு அச்சீடர்களோடு உணவு அருந்திய வேளையில் இது நிகழ்ந்தது என்று இறாபின்சன் என்னும் அறிஞர் கூறுகிறார்.[5]. ஆனால் இரெய்மந்து பிளாக்கெட்டர் என்பவரின் கருத்துப்படி, “பண்டைக்காலத்திலும் நடுக்காலத்திலும் நவீன காலத்திலும் மிகப்பல அறிஞர்கள், இயேசுவை சீடர்கள் அடையாளம் கண்டுகொண்டது நற்கருணைக் கொண்டாட்ட நிகழ்வின்போது நடந்தது எனக் கூறுவர்.”[6]
The so-called "longer ending of Mark" contains three appearances:
The ending of Mark varies substantially between ancient manuscripts, and scholars are in near universal agreement that the final portion of the traditional ending, in which all Mark's resurrection appearances occur, is a later addition not present in the original version of Mark's gospel.[7] Most scholars view the lack of a resurrection appearance as having theological significance. Richard Burridge compares the ending of Mark to its beginning:
“ | Mark's narrative as we have it now ends as abruptly as it began. There was no introduction or background to Jesus' arrival, and none for his departure. No one knew where he came from; no one knows where he has gone; and not many understood him when he was here.[8] | ” |
வார்ப்புரு:Death of Jesus
Paul's account in 1 Corinthians 15:3-7 seems to represent a pre-Pauline credal statement derived from the first Christian community.[9]
The antiquity of the creed has been established by many biblical scholars as dating to less than a decade after Jesus' death, originating from the Jerusalem apostolic community.[10] Concerning this creed, Campenhausen wrote, "This account meets all the demands of historical reliability that could possibly be made of such a text,"[11] whilst A. M. Hunter said, "The passage therefore preserves uniquely early and verifiable testimony. It meets every reasonable demand of historical reliability."[12] Robert M. Price and Hermann Detering asserted that 1 Corinthians 15:3-4 was not an early Christian creed but a post-Pauline interpretation.[13][14] However, according to Geza Vermes in The Resurrection (2008) these verses are not interpolated but were written by Paul in the early 50s AD. Vermes says that the words of Paul are "a tradition he has inherited from his seniors in the faith concerning the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus".[15] According Paul's கலாத்தியருக்கு எழுதிய திருமுகம் he had previously met two of the people mentioned in these verses as witnesses of the resurrection: James the Just and Cephas/Peter:
Then after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to get acquainted with Cephas and stayed with him fifteen days. I saw none of the other apostles—only James, the Lord's brother. I assure you before God that what I am writing you is no lie. —Apostle PaulGal 1:18-20
பத்மு யோவான் experienced a vision of the resurrected Christ described in வார்ப்புரு:Bibleref2-nb. According to வார்ப்புரு:Bibleref2-nb, the Son of Man whom John sees is the one writing the letters to the seven churches in chapters 2 and 3. In வார்ப்புரு:Bibleref2-nb, meanwhile, he calls himself "the First and the Last, who died and came to life again."
While Mark doesn't mention when the incident occurred, Matthew states that Jesus appeared to Mary Magdalene and "the other" Mary while they were returning to tell the disciples what they had seen. John, on the other hand, presents a completely different incident. John's account parallels the synoptic Gospels' accounts of Mary's first visit to the tomb, though in John, Mary has already been to the tomb once, and Peter has already inspected it. Unlike the first visit, the second visit, reported in John, is much more similar to the synoptic Gospels' account of the empty tomb, with Mary peering into the tomb and witnessing two angels inside dressed in shining white. Having been questioned by the angels about her concern for the tomb's emptiness, Mary turns and sees Jesus, according to John.
Why John describes Mary as remaining outside the tomb is unknown, though ஹிப்போவின் அகஸ்டீன் proposed that "when the men went away, a stronger affection kept the weaker sex firmly in place". F.F. Bruce suggested that Mary was hoping someone would pass by who could give her some information. It is wondered why Mary does not seek out அரிமத்தியா யோசேப்பு, the owner of the tomb, for information. One theory is that Joseph was so senior to Mary in terms of social class that it would not be right for her to approach him directly. A more obvious solution is presented by Schnackenberg—the Codex Sinaiticus version of John has Mary waiting inside rather than outside, and this may be the original form—though that does not explain why she was waiting at all.
John depicts Mary as weeping, ultimately causing her name to be associated with Maudlin (a corruption of Magdalen, "typifying tearful repentance").[16] Both the angels address Mary as woman, and then ask why she had been crying. This is not as uncouth as it may first appear since the underlying Greek term—gynai—was the polite way to address an adult female. While the synoptic Gospels demonstrate an awareness of Jewish beliefs, and people at the tomb are presented as being shocked and afraid of angels, John demonstrates no such awareness. Instead, he presents Mary as responding straightforwardly. While some believe that this is due to Mary's not recognising the figures as angels, due to grief or tears, some scholars attribute it to issues surrounding the author of John. The conversation itself differs considerably from the one reported by the synoptics, and the angels are brief and do not give any hint of resurrection having happened. Calvin attempted to justify this by arguing that John was only including what was necessary to back up the resurrection. At this point the angels abruptly disappear from the narrative, and John and the synoptics begin to share the order of events again.
Mark mentions Mary's post-tomb encounter with Jesus but gives no details, though he does remark that Jesus had cast seven devils out from her, presumably indicating an பேயோட்டுதல். Matthew instead reports that Jesus met Mary and Mary as they were returning to the other disciples; that they fell at his feet and worshiped him; and that he instructed them to tell the disciples that they would see him in Galilee.
John presents a far more elaborate conversation. According to John, once Mary has explained to the angels about her concern at the emptiness of the tomb, she turns and suddenly sees Jesus, but mistakes him for a gardener.[17] In John's account of the conversation, Jesus repeats the angels' question of why Mary is weeping, and Mary responds similarly, by requesting to know what Jesus (whom she does not yet recognize) has done with Jesus' body. After this response, John states that Jesus says Mary's name. She turns, realises who he is and cries out in Aramaic, “Rabboni!” (which means “Teacher”). Jesus enigmatically tells her to Touch [him] not, for [he is] not yet ascended to [his] father (see Noli me tangere). He then instructs her to inform the disciples. To resolve the differences between the Gospels, some inerrantist commentators like Norman Geisler believe that after the events recounted by John, Mary runs into another group of women, whereupon the events of the synoptic accounts occur, though there is no evidence for such a conclusion from John's Gospel.
Matthew 21:1 reports that Mary Magdalene and the other Mary went to look at the tomb. After the Resurrection, Jesus met them. After he greeted them, "they came to him, clasped his feet and worshiped him. Then Jesus said to them, 'Do not be afraid. Go and tell my brothers to go to Galilee; there they will see me.'" as instructing Mary to arrange for the disciples to meet him.Mt. 21:9-10 Matthew also reports that while Mary and Mary were returning to the disciples, the watchmen of the city informed the chief priests of "the things that were done", and the யூத தலைமைச் சங்கம் gave money to the soldiers to spread the message that Jesus' corpse had been stolen by his disciples. Matthew mentions that this had become a common claim of the Jews.Mt. 21:11:15 [சான்று தேவை]
Mark only states that Jesus met Mary.Mk 16:10
Luke 24:9-11 says that "When (the women) came back from the tomb, they told all these things to the Eleven and to all the others. It was Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Mary the mother of James, and the others with them who told this to the apostles. But they did not believe the women, because their words seemed to them like nonsense".
John's gospel gives a rather complete report of Jesus' post-Resurrection appearance to Mary.
…she turned around and saw Jesus standing there, but she did not realize that it was Jesus. He asked her, “Woman, why are you crying? Who is it you are looking for?” Thinking he was the gardener, she said, “Sir, if you have carried him away, tell me where you have put him, and I will get him.” Jesus said to her, “Mary.” She turned toward him and cried out in Aramaic, “Rabboni!” (which means “Teacher”). Jesus said, “Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father: but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God.'" Mary Magdalene went to the disciples with the news: “I have seen the Lord!” And she told them that he had said these things to her. —John 20:14-18
இக்sectionயைச் சரிபார்ப்பதற்காக மேலதிக மேற்கோள்கள் தேவைப்படுகின்றன. |
What is meant by Jesus telling Mary (in older Bible translations) to Touch [him] not, for [he is] not yet ascended to [his] father,Jn 20:17 has been the subject of debate. The இலத்தீன் phrase, Noli me tangere ("Touch me not"), became well known as a reference to these words found in translations of the Gospel of John, words that appear to be at odds with Jesus' invitation, later in the same chapter of John, to தோமா (திருத்தூதர்) to touch his hands and sideJn 20:27 and to the account in Matthew 28:1-9 of Mary Magdalene "and the other Mary" taking hold of his feet.
There are a wide variety of proposed solutions, perhaps the most facile being suggestions of textual corruption, with some saying that the word not was not originally there, while W.E.P Cotter proposed that the text originally said fear rather than touch (i.e., do not fear me), and W.D. Morris has proposed it originally said fear to touch (i.e., do not fear to touch me).[சான்று தேவை]
There is, however, no manuscript evidence for these suggestions, and so most scholars concentrate on non-textual arguments. Kraft proposes that it was against ritual to touch a corpse, and Jesus wished to enforce this, regarding himself as dead, while C. Spicq proposes that Jesus saw himself as a (Jewish) high priest, who was not meant to be sullied by physical contact, and others still have proposed that Mary is being ordered to have faith and not seek physical proof.[சான்று தேவை]
These non-textual solutions neglect the fact that John later describes Jesus as encouraging doubting Thomas Didymus to touch Jesus' wounds,
That three of the Gospels portray Mary Magdalene as the first to see Jesus post-death, is generally considered to be of significance. Mary Magdalene was a major figure in ஞானக் கொள்கை, and one of the main teachers besides Jesus, the only other of similar significance being Thomas Didymus. Supporters of Gnostic priority (that Gnosticism is the original form of Christianity) see this as clear evidence that Mark, and hence, due to Markan priority, the entire resurrection narrative, was intended to be interpreted gnostically. Though owing to intrinsic beliefs about the nature of the physical world, Gnosticism generally viewed women as equals, in Judaism of the era women were not considered valid legal witnesses. Westcott, and other supporters of John's authenticity, sometimes use this to argue that the narratives must be factual, since someone faking it would be more likely to use a prominent and respected witness.[சான்று தேவை]
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