Waindio - Wikiwand

Waindio au Wahindi wekundu ni watu wanaotokana moja kwa moja na waliokuwa wenyeji wa Amerika kabla ya bara hilo kufikiwa na Christopher Columbus kutoka Ulaya (1492).

Asili

Utafiti uliofanywa kwa muda mrefu na kwa njia mbalimbali umekadiria kwamba mababu wao walioenea katika Amerika yote wakitokea Asia kaskazini mashariki miaka 14,500 BK.

Inadhaniwa kwamba hao mababu waliishi muda mrefu na kuzaliana bila mawasiliano na binadamu wengine, labda katika eneo ambalo leo limefunikwa na maji kwenye mlangobahari wa Bering. Inakadiriwa DNA yao ilitokana na ile ya Waasia mashariki (2/3) na Waeurasia (1/3).

Baada ya kuingia bara hilo, ambalo ni la mwisho kukaliwa na watu (tukiacha Antaktiki), kwa karne chache walienea hadi kusini kabisa, kwenye Chile na Argentina ya leo. Katika kusambaa kwao, lugha na utamaduni vilizidi kutofautiana.

Hali ya sasa

Idadi yao inaweza kuwa milioni 60, wengi wao wakiishi Meksiko, Peru, Bolivia na Guatemala.

Hesabu hii haijumlishi machotara.

Tanbihi

[1]
Göran Burenhult: Die ersten Menschen, Weltbild Verlag, 2000. ISBN 3-8289-0741-5

Vyanzo

Gaskins, S. (1999). "Children's daily lives in a Mayan village: A case study of culturally constructed roles and activities". Children's engagement in the world: Sociocultural perspectives: 25–61.
Nimmo, J. (2008). "Young children's access to real life: An examination of the growing boundaries between children in child care and adults in the community". Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood. 9 (1): 3–13. doi:10.2304/ciec.2008.9.1.3.
Morelli, G.; Rogoff, B.; Angelillo, C. (2003). "Cultural variation in young children's access to work or involvement in specialised child-focused activities". International Journal of Behavioral Development. 27 (3): 264–274. doi:10.1080/01650250244000335.
Woodhead, M. (1998). Children's perspectives on their working lives: A participatory study in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, the Philippines, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua.
Rogoff, B.; Morelli, G. A.; Chavajay, P. (2010). "Children's Integration in Communities and Segregation From People of Differing Ages". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 5 (4): 431–440. doi:10.1177/1745691610375558.
Gaskins, S. (2006). 13 The Cultural Organization of Yucatec Mayan Children's Social Interactions. Peer relationships in cultural context, 283.

Marejeo

König, Eva (2002). Indianer 1858-1928, Photographische Reisen von Alaska bis Feuerland. Museum für Volkerkunde Hamburg: Edition Braus. ISBN 3-89904-021-X.
Cappel, Constance (2007). The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at L'Arbre Croche, 1763: The History of a Native American People. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-5220-6. OCLC 175217515.
Cappel, Constance,(editor) (2006). Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima. Xlibris. ISBN 1-59926-920-1. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Churchill, Ward (1997). A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present. San Francisco: City Lights Books. ISBN 978-0-87286-323-1. OCLC 35029491.
Dean, Bartholomew (2002). "State Power and Indigenous Peoples in Peruvian Amazonia: A Lost Decade, 1990–2000". Katika Maybury-Lewis, David (mhr.). The Politics of Ethnicity: Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States. David Rockefeller Center series on Latin American studies, Harvard University. Juz. la 9. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University/David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. ku. 199–238. ISBN 0-674-00964-9. OCLC 427474742.
Dean, Bartholomew; Levi, Jerome M. (2003). At the Risk of Being Heard: Identity, Indigenous Rights, and Postcolonial States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-09736-4. OCLC 50841012.
Dean, Bartholomew (Januari 2006). "Salt of the Mountain: Campa Asháninka History and Resistance in the Peruvian Jungle (review)". The Americas. 62 (3): 464–466. doi:10.1353/tam.2006.0013. ISSN 0003-1615.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Kane, Katie (1999). "Nits Make Lice: Drogheda, Sand Creek, and the Poetics of Colonial Extermination". Cultural Critique. 42 (42). University of Minnesota Press: 81–103. doi:10.2307/1354592. ISSN 0882-4371. JSTOR 1354592.
Krech, Shepard III (1999). The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-04755-4. OCLC 318358852.
Varese, Stefano; Ribeiro, Darcy (2004) [2002]. Salt of the Mountain: Campa Ashaninka History and Resistance in the Peruvian Jungle. trans. Susan Giersbach Rascón. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3512-3. OCLC 76909908.

Marejeo mengine

Hamilton, Charles (ed) (1950). Cry of the Thunderbird; the American Indian's own story. New York: Macmillan Company

Viungo vya nje

Ukweli wa haraka

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:

Waindio

Funga

The Peopling of the American Continents, Early California History
Indigenous Peoples in Brazil. Instituto Socioambiental (ISA)
America's Stone Age explorers, PBS Nova
A history of Native people of Canada - The Canadian Museum of Civilization

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König, Eva (2002). Indianer 1858-1928, Photographische Reisen von Alaska bis Feuerland. Museum für Volkerkunde Hamburg: Edition Braus. ISBN 3-89904-021-X.
Cappel, Constance (2007). The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at L'Arbre Croche, 1763: The History of a Native American People. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-5220-6. OCLC 175217515.
Cappel, Constance,(editor) (2006). Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima. Xlibris. ISBN 1-59926-920-1. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Churchill, Ward (1997). A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present. San Francisco: City Lights Books. ISBN 978-0-87286-323-1. OCLC 35029491.
Dean, Bartholomew (2002). "State Power and Indigenous Peoples in Peruvian Amazonia: A Lost Decade, 1990–2000". Katika Maybury-Lewis, David (mhr.). The Politics of Ethnicity: Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States. David Rockefeller Center series on Latin American studies, Harvard University. Juz. la 9. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University/David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. ku. 199–238. ISBN 0-674-00964-9. OCLC 427474742.
Dean, Bartholomew; Levi, Jerome M. (2003). At the Risk of Being Heard: Identity, Indigenous Rights, and Postcolonial States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-09736-4. OCLC 50841012.
Dean, Bartholomew (Januari 2006). "Salt of the Mountain: Campa Asháninka History and Resistance in the Peruvian Jungle (review)". The Americas. 62 (3): 464–466. doi:10.1353/tam.2006.0013. ISSN 0003-1615.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Kane, Katie (1999). "Nits Make Lice: Drogheda, Sand Creek, and the Poetics of Colonial Extermination". Cultural Critique. 42 (42). University of Minnesota Press: 81–103. doi:10.2307/1354592. ISSN 0882-4371. JSTOR 1354592.
Krech, Shepard III (1999). The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-04755-4. OCLC 318358852.
Varese, Stefano; Ribeiro, Darcy (2004) [2002]. Salt of the Mountain: Campa Ashaninka History and Resistance in the Peruvian Jungle. trans. Susan Giersbach Rascón. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3512-3. OCLC 76909908.