Ukeketaji (pia: tohara ya mwanamke; kwa Kiingereza: female circumcision, female genital mutilation; kifupi: FGM) ni tendo la kukata sehemu za nje za viungo vya uzazi vya mwanamke.
Neno linalotokana na mzizikeket, ambao unabeba maana ya kuharibu.
Mara nyingi tendo la ukeketaji linaitwa pia "tohara" kwa kulifananisha na upasuaji mdogo wa wanaume, lakini mambo ni tofauti kabisa.
Hapa sehemu za nje za viungo vya uzazi zinakatwa kusudi wasifurahie sana tendo la ndoa, hivyo wawe waaminifu zaidi kwa waume wao.
Ukeketaji umeenea hasa kati ya mataifa na makabila wenye asili ya bonde la Naili na majirani wao.
Kinyume na tohara ya wavulana matabibu wanaona hasara nyingi katika desturi hiyo. Ukeketaji unasababisha wasichana wengi kufa na wengine wengi kupatwa na maumivu makali wakati wa hedhi, wa tendo la ndoa na wa kujifungua.
Kwa sababu hizo serikali nyingi za dunia zimeupiga marufuku.
Pia madhehebu kadhaa yanatoa mafundisho kuwa ni kinyume cha masharti ya dini yao.
Juhudi zimefanikiwa kwa kiasi fulani katika baadhi ya nchi.
Maelezo zaidi Kiwango kikubwa sana, Kiwango kikubwa ...
Abdalla, Raqiya Haji Dualeh. Sisters in Affliction: Circumcision and Infibulation of Women in Africa, Zed Books, 1982.
Abdalla, Raqiya Dualeh. My Grandmother Called it the Three Feminine Sorrows: The Struggle of Women Against Female Circumcision in Somalia, in Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf (ed.), Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
Abd el Salam, S. "A Comprehensive Approach for Communication about Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt," in George C. Denniston, Frederick Mansfield Hodges and Marilyn Fayre Milos, Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice, Springer, 1999.
Abusharaf, Rogaia Mustafa. "Introduction: The Custom in Question," in Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf (ed.), Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
Abusharaf, Rogaia Mustafa. "Revisiting Feminist Discourses on Inbulation: The Hosken Report," in Bettina Shell-Duncan and Ylva Hernlund (eds.), Female "Circumcision" in Africa: Culture, Controversy, and Change, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000.
Allen, Peter Lewis. The Wages of Sin: Sex and Disease, Past and Present, University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Ahmadu, Fuambai. Kigezo:" 'Ain't I a Woman too?': Challenging Myths of Sexual Dysfunction in Circumcised Women," in Ylva Hernlund and Bettina Shell-Duncan (eds.), Transcultural Bodies: Female Genital Cutting in Global Context, Rutgers University Press, 2007.
Bagnol, Birgitte and Mariano, Esmeralda. "Politics of naming sexual practices," in Sylvia Tamale (ed.), African Sexualities: A Reader, Pambazuka Press, 2011.
Chase, Cheryl. Kigezo:" 'Cultural Practice' or 'Reconstructive Surgery'? US Genital Cutting, the Intersex Movement, and Medical Double Standards," in Stanlie M. James and Claire C. Robertson (eds.), Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood, University of Illinois Press, 2002.
Cohen, Shaye J. D.Why Aren't Jewish Women Circumcised? Gender and Covenant In Judaism, University of California Press, 2005.
El Bashir, Hamid. The Sudanese National Committee on the Eradication of Harmful Traditional Practices and the Campaign against Female Genital Mutilation in Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf (ed.), Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
El Guindi, Fadwa. "Had This Been Your Face, Would You Leave It as Is?" in Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf (ed.), Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
El Hadi, Amal Abd. "Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt" in Meredeth Turshen (ed.), African Women's Health, Africa World Press, 2000.
Farage, Samar A. "Female Genital Alteration: A Sociological Perspective," in Miranda A. Farage and Howard I. Maibach (eds.), The Vulva: Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology, CRC Press, 2006.
Gallo, Pia Grassivaro; Tita Eleanora; and Viviani, Franco. "At the Roots of Ethnic Female Genital Modification," in George C. Denniston and Pia Grassivaro Gallo (eds.). Bodily Integrity and the Politics of Circumcision, Springer, 2006.
Gruenbaum, Ellen. The Female Circumcision Controversy, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.
Hicks, Esther K. Infibulation: Female Mutilation in Islamic Northeastern Africa, Transaction Publishers, 1996.
James, Stanlie M. "Female Genital Mutilation," in Bonnie G. Smith (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Women in World History, Oxford University Press, 2008.
James, Stanlie M. "Listening to Other(ed) Voices: Reflections around Female Genital Cutting," in Stanlie M. James and Claire C. Robertson (eds.), Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood, University of Illinois Press, 2002.
Kelly, Elizabeth, and Hillard, Paula J. Adams. "Female genital mutilation", Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 17(5), October 2005, pp.490–494 (review).
Kirby, Vicki. "Out of Africa: 'Our Bodies Ourselves'?" in Obioma Nnaemeka (ed.), Female Circumcision and the Politics of Knowledge: African Women in Imperialist Discourses, Praeger, 2005.
Korieh, Chima. Kigezo:" 'Other' Bodies: Western Feminism, Race and Representation in Female Circumcision Discourse," in Obioma Nnaemeka (ed.), Female Circumcision and the Politics of Knowledge: African Women in Imperialist Discourses, Praeger, 2005.
Mackie, Gerry. "Female Genital Cutting: The Beginning of the End," in Bettina Shell-Duncan and Ylva Hernlund (eds.), Female "Circumcision" in Africa: Culture, Controversy, and Change, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000, pp.253–282 (also here).
Ross, Susan Deller. Women's Human Rights: The international and Comparative Law Casebook, Vantage Press, 2008.
Rymer, Janice and Momoh, Comfort. "Managing the reality of FGM in the UK," in Comfort Momoh (ed.), Female Genital Mutilation, Radcliffe Publishing, 2005.
Saadawi, Nawal. The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World, Zed Books, 2007.
Serour G.I. "The issue of reinfibulation", International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 109(2), May 2010, pp.93–96.
Sharif, Khadijah F. "Female Genital Mutilation," in Nadine Taub, Beth Anne Wolfson, and Carla M. Palumbo (eds.). The Law of Sex Discrimination, Cengage Learning, 2010.
Shell-Duncan, Bettina and Hernlund, Ylva. "Female 'Circumcision' in Africa: Dimensions of the Practice and Debates" in Bettina Shell-Duncan and Ylva Hernlund (eds.), Female "Circumcision" in Africa, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000.
Shorter, Edward. From Paralysis to Fatigue: A History of Psychosomatic Illness in the Modern Era, Simon and Schuster, 2008.
Shweder, Richard. Kigezo:" 'What About Female Genital Mutilation?" And Why Understanding Culture Matters in the First Place," in Richard A. Shweder, Martha Minow and Hazel Rose Markus (eds.), Engaging Cultural Differences: The Multicultural Challenge In Liberal Democracies, Russell Sage Foundation, 2002; also in Daedalus, 129(4)Archived 21 Septemba 2013 at the Wayback Machine., Fall 2000.
Shweder, Richard. "When Cultures Collide: Which Rights? Whose Tradition of Values? A Critique of the Global Anti-FGM Campaign," in Christiopher L. Eisgruber and András Sajó (eds.), Global Justice And the Bulwarks of Localism, Martinus Nijhoff, 2005, pp. 181–199Archived 21 Septemba 2013 at the Wayback Machine..
Strayer, Robert and Murray, Jocelyn. "The CMS and Female Circumcision," in Robert Strayer. The Making of Missionary Communities in East Africa, Heinemann Educational Books, 1978.
Tamale, Sylvia. "Researching and theorising sexualities," in Sylvia Tamale (ed.), African Sexualities: A Reader, Fahamu/Pambazuka, 2011.
Thomas, Lynn M. Kigezo:" 'Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)': The Gender and Generational Politics of the 1956 Ban on Clitoridectomy in Meru, Kenya", Gender and History, 8(3), November 1996, pp. 338–363.
Thomas, Lynn M. Kigezo:" 'Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)': Lessons from Colonial Campaigns to Ban Excision in Meru, Kenya" in Bettina Shell-Duncan and Ylva Hernlund (eds.), Female "Circumcision" in Africa, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000.
Thomas, Lynn M. Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction, and the State in Kenya, University of California Press, 2003.
Walley, Christine J. "Searching for 'Voices': Feminism, Anthropology, and the Global Over Female Genital Operations," in Stanlie M. James and Claire C. Robertson (eds.), Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood, University of Illinois Press, 2002.
Wangila, Mary Nyangweso. Female Circumcision: The Interplay of Religion, Culture and Gender in Kenya, Orbis Books, 2007.
Werblowsky, R.J. Zwi; Wigoder, R.J. and Geoffrey (eds.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion, Oxford University Press, 1997.
Zabus, Chantal. "Between Rites and Rights: Excision on Trial in African Women's Texts and Human Contexts," in Peter H. Marsden and Geoffrey V. Davis (eds.), Towards a Transcultural Future: Literature and Human Rights in a ' Post'-Colonial World, Rodopi, 2004.
Zabus, Chantal. "The Excised Body in African Texts and Contexts," in Merete Falck Borch (ed.), Bodies and Voices: The Force-field of Representation and Discourse in Colonial and Postcolonial Studies, Rodopi, 2008.
Cullen-Dupont, Kathryn. "Female genital mutilation," Encyclopedia of Women's History in America, Da Capo Press, 1998, p. 85.
Dorkenoo, Efua. "Combating Female Genital Mutilation: An Agenda for the Next Decade," in Mona Eliasson (ed.). Teaching about Violence Against Women, Feminist Press at CUNY, 1999.
Dorkenoo, Efua. "Cutting the Rose: Female Genital Mutilation, the Practice and its Prevention, Minority Rights Group, 1994.
Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya utamaduni bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Ukeketaji kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.
Wikiwand in your browser!
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.