Poliétilén

Poliétilén (PE) - nyaéta salah sahiji kulawarga resin anu dipibanda ku jalan polimerisasi gas etilen, H2C = CH2, ogé mangrupa polimer anu dijieun kacida lobana aya kana 80 juta ton unggal tauna.^[1]. Poliétilén Termoplastik dipasar mancanagara disadiakeun rupa-rupa fleksibilitas jeung properti gumantung kana kabutuhan proses produksi anu baris dipaké, Polyethylene bisa diolah ampir kusakabéh cara produksi termoplastik katambah onjoy tinu lian ku lantaran bahanna henteu gampang nyerep cai tangtuna ieu bisa nurunkeun biaya produksi ku lantaran teu perlu dipanaskeun heula dinamangsa dipaké. Aya sababaraha rupa kulawarga polyethylene, ditempo tina kapadetan bahanna : Low density polyethylene biasana mibanda kapadetan 0,91-0,925 g / cm³, Linear low density polyethylene kapadetanna di antara 0,918-0,94 g / cm³, jeung High density polyethylene kapadetanna antara 0,935-0,96 g / cm³ kaluhur.^[2]^[3]

Thumb — Bagéan kantétan anu sarua tina **poliétilén** anu paling panceg

Sababaraha anu ngabedakeun Polyethylene leuwih onjoy tinulian, saperti bisa dijieun dina wujud kumaha ogé jeung dina cara produksi termoplastik,luyu jeung kabutuhan.

Poliétilén mangrupa insulator anu hadé.
Gampang ancur tangtuna ieu henteu ngaruksak lingkungan.
Poliétilén loyog jeung suhu tropis
Leuleus liat ^[3]

Polyethylene mimiti disintesis ku cukang lantaran ahli kimia urang Jerman Hans von Pechmann dina taun 1898 panalungtikan ngeunaan diazometana.^[4]^[5] dina mangsa babaturana Eugen Bamberger jeung Friedrich Tschirner manggihan zat lilin anu dijieun kumaranéhna anu eusina mangrupa kantétan -CH2- panjang satuluyna disebut polimetilena.^[6]

Sajeroeun polietilena sintesis aya hiji zat ngarana (Diazometana ieu zat pada mikanyaho henteu stabil/panceg/gampang robah, tangtuna ieu hiji hal anu kudu disingkahan pisan dina widang industri mah) tayalian ti Eric Fawcett jeung Reginald Gibson teu dihaja manggihan ieu zat dina taun 1933, ditempat gawena di Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) Northwich, di Inggris.^[7] Tuluy maranéhna migawé panalungtikan anu leuwih jero deui, ayeuna maké tekenan anu leuwih kuat nepi ka (sababaraha ratus atmosfer) dinawaktu nyampur etilen jeung benzaldehida éta. hasilna maranéhna manggihan deui substansi bodas, jiga bahan lilin. Saméméh taun 1935 ku ahli kimia séjén di ICI, anu katelah Michael Perrin, ngamekarkeun deui ieu panalungtikan nyieun sintesis pikeun nyobaan produksi polietilen dibarengan ku Tekenan anu gedé ogé anu hasilna nyaéta magrupakeun bahan dasar plastik LDPE, anu satuluyna ukuran produksi industri na dimimitian taun 1939. Salila perang dunia ka II, ieu panalungtikanmah tuluy dipigawe sanajan bari susulumputan. Hiji waktu nyagahasilkeun cara anyar nga isolasi/mungkus UHF jeung SHF koaksial kabel dina radar ku mangpaatna polietilena. Panalungtikan anu leuwih jauh deui di lakukeun di ICI dina taun 1944, Bakelite Perusahaan ti Sabine, Texas Jeung Du Pont di Charleston, Virginia Kulon, mimiti diproduksi komersial ukuran gedé tapi tetep sapanalingaan/lisensi ICI.^[8]

Torobosan anu penting sajeroun produksi komersial polyethylene dimimitian ku dimekarkeun pamagih ngeunaan katalis anu mana polimerisasi bisa dilakukaeu teu kudu deui maké tékénan anu kuat ogé aturan suhuna. Anu kahiji nyaéta katalis dumasar kana ''trioksida'' kromium kapangih ku Robert Bank jeung J. Paul Hogan di Phillips Petroleum dina taun 1951 .^[9] Dina taun 1953 kimiawan Jérman Karl Ziegler mekarkeun deui hiji sistem katalitik dumasar kana halida titanium jeung campuran organoaluminium anu dina prakna leuwih gampang tinimbang katalis pamaggih Phillips. Ngan katalis Phillips leuwih murah jeung gampang dina ngalarapkeuna. Tah ieu dua cara anu paling loba dipaké ku lingkungan industri. Dina ahir taun 1950-an kadua katalis Phillips- jeung Ziegler-dipake ogé pikeun nyieun HDPE. Dina taun 1970-an, sistem Ziegler dironjatkeun ku nambahkeun magnesium klorida. Sistem katalitik dumasar kana katalis larut, anu Metalosen, dikanyahokeun dina taun 1976 ku cukang lantaran Walter Kaminsky jeung Hansjörg Sinn. Katalis Ziegler- ogé metalosena geus bisa dibuktikeun fleksibel dina kopolimerisasi etilena ku olefin séjén jeung geus jadi mangrupa dasar pikeun nyieun rupa-rupa resin polietilena anu aya kiwari, density polyethylene leuwih hampang ti batan linear low density polyethylene. Resin saperti, anu wujudna serat UHMWPE, mimiti taun 2005 dipaké ngaganti aramids dina loba pamkéan anu ngabutuhkeun kakuatan anu pohara.

Properties Pisik Polyethylene kaasup polimer termoplastik mibanda kantétan hidrokarbon anu panjang. Gumantung kana kristalinitas jeung berat molekul, Polyethylne mimiti lé'éh dina suhu 120-180 °C (248-356 °F). lolobana anu aya di pasaran mimiti 105-115 °C (221-239 °F).

Properties Kimia lolobanana LDPE, MDPE, HDPE cukup tahan kana kimia séjén, ieu hartina sarua jeung kuat diserang ku asam kuat atawa basa kuat. ogé tahan kana oksidan. Polyethylene lamun di seungeut lalauna bakan kaluar seune anu wanana biru aya polet koneng saeutik di luarna, ngaluarkeun bau parafin. Bahan anu kabeuleum bakal tuluy hurung jeung lé'éhna nyakclakan.^[10] Henteu lé'éh dina suhu kamar. Polyethylene (kajaba cross-linked polyethylene) biasana ruksak ku suhu anu kacida panasna ogé di hidrokarbon aromatik saperti ku toluena atawa xilena, atawa ku pelarut diklorinasi contona trikloroetan atawa triklorobenzena.^[11]

Aya sabaraha kakurangan Polyethylene anu memang kitu sipatna, di antarana:

Babari teuing Lé'éh
Gancang Lapuk
Gampang Rengat
Umpama di Las Kurang Napel
Gampang kaduruk
Gampang tutung
Leuleus teuing ^[2]

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Poliétilén

Wikimedia Commons mibanda média séjénna nu patali jeung Polyethylene .

Polythene's story: The accidental birth of plastic bags
Polythene Technical Properties & Applications
Pqarchiver^{[tumbu nonaktif]}
Bahan Plastik Archived 2015-08-15 di Wayback Machine
Exxon Mobil

Artikel ieu mangrupa taratas, perlu disampurnakeun. Upami sadérék uninga langkung paos perkawis ieu, dihaturan kanggo ngalengkepan.

[1]
Piringer & Baner 2008, p. 32.
[2]
Plastics Prospector
[3]
Plastics Europe Archived 2015-08-10 di Wayback Machine
[4]
H. von Pechmann (1898) "Ueber Diazomethan und Nitrosoacylamine," Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 31 : 2640–2646; see especially page 2643. From page 2643: "Erwähnt sei noch, dass aus einer ätherischen Diazomethanlösung sich beim Stehen manchmal minimale Quantitäten eines weissen, flockigen, aus Chloroform krystallisirenden Körpers abscheiden; … " (It should be mentioned that from an ether solution of diazomethane, upon standing, sometimes small quantities of a white, flakey substance, which can be crystallized from chloroform, precipitate; … )
[5]
Bamberger claimed that one of his students, Hindermann, had noted the formation of polyethylene in 1897. Eug. Bamberger & Fred. Tschirner (1900) "Ueber die Einwirkung von Diazomethan auf β-Arylhydroxylamine" (On the effect of diazomethane on β-arylhydroxylamine), Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 33 : 955–959. From footnote 3 on page 956: "Die Abscheidung weisser Flocken aus Diazomethanlösungen erwähnt auch v. Pechmann (diese Berichte 31, 2643); er hat sie aber wegen Substanzmangel nicht untersucht. Ich hatte übrigens Hrn. v. Pechmann schon einige Zeit vor Erscheinen seiner Publication mitgetheilt, dass aus Diazomethan ein fester, weisser Körper entstehe, der sich bei der Analyse als (CH₂)_x erwiesen habe, worauf mir Hr. v. Pechmann schrieb, dass er den weissen Körper ebensfalls beobachtet, aber nicht untersucht habe. Zuerst erwähnt ist derselbe in der Dissertation meines Schülers Hindermann, Zürich (1897), S. 120." (Von Pechmann (these Reports, 31, 2643) also mentioned the precipitation of white flakes from diazomethane solutions; however, due to a scarcity of the material, he didn't investigate it. Incidentally, some time before the appearance of his publication, I had communicated to Mr. von Pechmann that a solid, white substance arose from diazomethane, which on analysis proved to be (CH₂)_x, whereupon Mr. von Pechmann wrote me that he had likewise observed the white substance, but not investigated it. It is first mentioned in the dissertation of my student Hindermann, Zürich (1897), p. 120.)
[6]
Eug. Bamberger & Fred. Tschirner (1900) "Ueber die Einwirkung von Diazomethan auf β-Arylhydroxylamine" (On the effect of diazomethane on β-arylhydroxylamine), Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 33 : 955–959. From page 956: "Eine theilweise — übrigens immer nur minimale — Umwandlung des Diazomethans in Stickstoff und Polymethylen vollzieht sich auch bei ganz andersartigen Reactionen; … " (A partial — incidentally, always only minimal — conversion of diazomethane into nitrogen and polymethylene takes place also during quite different reactions; … )
[7]
"Winnington history in the making". This is Cheshire. 23 August 2006. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 January 2010. Diakses tanggal 20 February 2014.
[8]
"Poly – The All Star Plastic". Popular Mechanics 91 (1): 125–129. July 1949. http://books.google.com/books?id=GtkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA126. Diakses pada 20 February 2014.
[9]
Hoff, Ray; Mathers, Robert T. (2010). "Chapter 10. Review of Phillips Chromium Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization". Di Hoff, Ray; Mathers, Robert T. Handbook of Transition Metal Polymerization Catalysts. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-13798-7. doi:10.1002/9780470504437.ch10.
[10]
"How to Identify Plastic Materials Using The Burn Test". Boedeker Plastics. Diakses tanggal 8 May 2012.
[11]
Kenneth S. Whiteley, T. Geoffrey Heggs, Hartmut Koch, Ralph L. Mawer, Wolfgang Immel, "Polyolefins" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Citakan:DOI

[1] [1]
Piringer & Baner 2008, p. 32.

[Plastics_Prospector-2] [2]
Plastics Prospector

[Plastics_Europe-3] [3]
Plastics Europe Archived 2015-08-10 di Wayback Machine

[4] [4]
H. von Pechmann (1898) "Ueber Diazomethan und Nitrosoacylamine," Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 31 : 2640–2646; see especially page 2643. From page 2643: "Erwähnt sei noch, dass aus einer ätherischen Diazomethanlösung sich beim Stehen manchmal minimale Quantitäten eines weissen, flockigen, aus Chloroform krystallisirenden Körpers abscheiden; … " (It should be mentioned that from an ether solution of diazomethane, upon standing, sometimes small quantities of a white, flakey substance, which can be crystallized from chloroform, precipitate; … )

[5] [5]
Bamberger claimed that one of his students, Hindermann, had noted the formation of polyethylene in 1897. Eug. Bamberger & Fred. Tschirner (1900) "Ueber die Einwirkung von Diazomethan auf β-Arylhydroxylamine" (On the effect of diazomethane on β-arylhydroxylamine), Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 33 : 955–959. From footnote 3 on page 956: "Die Abscheidung weisser Flocken aus Diazomethanlösungen erwähnt auch v. Pechmann (diese Berichte 31, 2643); er hat sie aber wegen Substanzmangel nicht untersucht. Ich hatte übrigens Hrn. v. Pechmann schon einige Zeit vor Erscheinen seiner Publication mitgetheilt, dass aus Diazomethan ein fester, weisser Körper entstehe, der sich bei der Analyse als (CH₂)_x erwiesen habe, worauf mir Hr. v. Pechmann schrieb, dass er den weissen Körper ebensfalls beobachtet, aber nicht untersucht habe. Zuerst erwähnt ist derselbe in der Dissertation meines Schülers Hindermann, Zürich (1897), S. 120." (Von Pechmann (these Reports, 31, 2643) also mentioned the precipitation of white flakes from diazomethane solutions; however, due to a scarcity of the material, he didn't investigate it. Incidentally, some time before the appearance of his publication, I had communicated to Mr. von Pechmann that a solid, white substance arose from diazomethane, which on analysis proved to be (CH₂)_x, whereupon Mr. von Pechmann wrote me that he had likewise observed the white substance, but not investigated it. It is first mentioned in the dissertation of my student Hindermann, Zürich (1897), p. 120.)

[6] [6]
Eug. Bamberger & Fred. Tschirner (1900) "Ueber die Einwirkung von Diazomethan auf β-Arylhydroxylamine" (On the effect of diazomethane on β-arylhydroxylamine), Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 33 : 955–959. From page 956: "Eine theilweise — übrigens immer nur minimale — Umwandlung des Diazomethans in Stickstoff und Polymethylen vollzieht sich auch bei ganz andersartigen Reactionen; … " (A partial — incidentally, always only minimal — conversion of diazomethane into nitrogen and polymethylene takes place also during quite different reactions; … )

[7] [7]
"Winnington history in the making". This is Cheshire. 23 August 2006. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 January 2010. Diakses tanggal 20 February 2014.

[8] [8]
"Poly – The All Star Plastic". Popular Mechanics 91 (1): 125–129. July 1949. http://books.google.com/books?id=GtkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA126. Diakses pada 20 February 2014.

[9] [9]
Hoff, Ray; Mathers, Robert T. (2010). "Chapter 10. Review of Phillips Chromium Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization". Di Hoff, Ray; Mathers, Robert T. Handbook of Transition Metal Polymerization Catalysts. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-13798-7. doi:10.1002/9780470504437.ch10.

[10] [10]
"How to Identify Plastic Materials Using The Burn Test". Boedeker Plastics. Diakses tanggal 8 May 2012.

[Ullmann-11] [11]
Kenneth S. Whiteley, T. Geoffrey Heggs, Hartmut Koch, Ralph L. Mawer, Wolfgang Immel, "Polyolefins" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Citakan:DOI

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

Poliétilén

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