Dinastija Ngujen

Dinastija Ngujen ili kuća Ngujen (vijetnamski 家阮; han-nom: 阮朝, ) bila je zadnja carska familija Vijetnama.^[1] Njihova pradavna linija može se pratiti do početka nove ere. Međutim, tek sredinom šesnaestog veka najambicioznija porodična grana, Ngujenskih vladara je uspela da osvoji, kontroliše i uspostavi feudalnu vlast nad velikom teritorijom.^[2]

Kraljevstvo Dajvijet (1802–1804) Đại Việt quốc (大越國) Kraljevstvo Vijetnam (1804–1839) Việt Nam quốc (越南國) Carstvo Dajnam (1839–1945) Đại Nam quốc (大南國)
1802–1945
Levo: Kraljevski standard (1802–1885) Desno: Kraljevski standard (1920–1945)
Himna: "Dang dan kung"
Viet Nam u svom najvećem teritorijalnom obimu 1829 (pod carom Minj Mang), sa naznačenom na modernom političkom mapom
Status	Carstvo (1802–1883) Frencuski protektorat (1883–1945)
Prestonica	Hue
Zajednički jezici	vijetnamski
Religija	neokonfučijanizam, budizam, katoličanstvo
Vlada	Apsolutna monarhija
car
• 1802–1820 (prvi)	Gia Long
• 1926–1945 (zadnji)	Bao Daj
Istorija
• Krunisanje Gia Long	1. jun 1802
• Frencuska invazija	1. septembar 1858
• Treaty of Saigon	5. jun 1862
• Ugovor iz Hue	25. avgust 1883
• Ugovor iz Hue	6. jun 1884
• Deo Francuske Indokine	17. oktobar 1887
• Japanska invazija	22. septembar 1940
• Japanska marionetska država	11. mart 1945
• Abdikacija Bao Daja	30. avgust 1945
Populacija
• 1830	7.600.000
• 1860	10.000.000
Valuta	Van, Tien, i Lang Piastre (od 1885)
Prethodnik Naslednik Taj Son dinastija Kočinkina Anam Tonkin
Danas deo	Vijetnam Laos Kambodža

Dinastička vladavina počela je sa usponom na presto 1802. godine Gia Longa, nakon što je okončana prethodna dinastija Taj Son. Tokom svog postojanja, carstvo je postepeno apsorbovala Francuska tokom nekoliko decenija. Ovo je počelo kampanjom Kočinkina 1858. godine koja je dovela do okupacije južnog područja Vijetnama. Usledio je niz neravnopravnih ugovora; okupirana teritorija postala je francuska kolonija Sagonskim sporazumom 1862. godine, a Sporazum iz Hue 1863. dao je Francuskoj pristup vijetnamskim lukama i povećao kontrolu nad njegovim spoljnim poslovima. Konačno, Sporazum iz Hue 1883. i 1884. uspostavili su protektorat nad preostalim vijetnamskim teritorijama, podelivši ga na Protektorat Anam i Tonkin pod samo nominalnom vladavinom dinastije Ngujen. Oni su 1887. godine spojeni sa Kočinkinom i Kambodžom, čime je formirana Francuska Indokina.^[3]

Dinastija Ngujen je zadržala formalni status cara Anama i Tonkina u Indokiniji do Drugog svetskog rata. Japan je okupirao Indokinu sa francuskom saradnjom 1940. godine, ali kako se činilo da je rat sve više izgubljen, Japanci su srušili francusku administraciju u martu 1945. i proglasili nezavisnost svojih konstitutivnih zemalja. Carstvo Vijetnama pod carem Bao Dajem bilo je nominalno nezavisna japanska marionetska država tokom poslednjih meseci rata. To se završilo abdikacijom Bao Đaja nakon predaje Japana i komunističke revolucije od strane antikolonijalnog Vijetmina u avgustu 1945. Ovim je okončana 143-godišnja vladavina dinastije Ngujen.

Poreklo i uspon na vlast

Za više informacija pogledajte: Ngujen vladari i Trinj vladari

Prvi put pomenut u prvom veku, porodični klan Ngujen, koji potiče iz provincije Tanj Hoa, imao je značajan politički uticaj i vojnu moć, naročito tokom rane moderne vijetnamske istorije. Pripadnost vladajućoj eliti potiče iz desetog veka kada je Ngujen Bak postavljen za prvog velikog kancelara kratkotrajne dinastije Đinj pod Đinjom Bo Linhom i njegovim naslednikom carem Le Lojem iz rane dinastije Le.^[4][5] Ngujen Ti Anj, kraljica supruga imperatora Le Taj Tonga služila je kao službeni regent Anama u ime svog sina cara Le Njana Tonga između 1442. i 1453. godine.^[6]

Godine 1527, Mak Đang Dung, nakon poraza i pogubljenja Le vasala Ngujen Hoang Du u građanskom ratu, pojavio se kao posredni pobednik i uspostavio dinastiju Mak svrgavajući cara Le Kung Hoanga nekada uspešne, ali brzo propadajuće kasne dinastije Le. Sin Ngujen Hoang Dua Ngujen Kim i njegovi saveznici vladari Trinj ostali su lojalni Leu i pokušali su da vrate dinastiju Le na vlast, rasplamsavajuću na taj način građanski rat.^[7][8]

Ngujen Kim, koji je bio vođa saveza tokom šestogodišnjeg osvajanja Južne dinastije protiv Mak Đang Dunga, bio je 1545. godine žrtva atentata zarobljenog generala Mak. Kimov zet, Trinj Kiem (koji je ubio najstarijeg sina Ngujena Kima), preuzeo je komandu nad savezom. Godine 1558, Le Anj Tong, car obnovljene dinastije Le, poverio je Ngujen Hoangu (Kimovom drugom sinu) upravu u južnom delu centralnog Vijetnama, koje je bio osvojen tokom 15. veka od Čampa kneževina.^[9]

Reference

1. Li, Tana; Reid, Anthony (1993). Southern Vietnam under the Nguyễn. Economic History of Southeast Asia Project. Australian National University. ISBN 981-3016-69-8.
2. „Brief history of the Nguyen dynasty”. Hue Monuments Conservation Centre. Архивирано из оригинала 07. 02. 2019. г. Приступљено 5. 2. 2019.
3. „The conquest of Vietnam by France”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Приступљено 31. 1. 2019.
4. „Ai là tể tướng đầu tiên trong lịch sử Việt Nam? (Who is the first prime minister in Vietnamese history?)”. Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations. 5. 2. 2014. Приступљено 5. 2. 2019.
5. „VIETNAM BRIEF HISTORY”. 4 DW. Приступљено 2. 2. 2019.
6. „The development of Le government in fifteenth century Vietnam.”. Research Gate. Приступљено 2. 2. 2019.
7. Bui Ngoc Son. „Confucian Constitutionalism in Imperial Vietnam”. National Taiwan University. Приступљено 2. 2. 2019.
8. K. W. Taylor (9. 5. 2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. стр. 232—. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
9. „A GLIMPSE OF VIETNAM'S HISTORY”. Web Cite. Архивирано из оригинала 22. 09. 2021. г. Приступљено 2. 2. 2019.

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