Donji kvark

Donji kvark ili d kvark je jedna od elementarnih čestica od kojih se sastoji materija. Prema masi je na drugom mestu između 6 kvarkova. Zajedno sa gornjim kvarkom sačinjava neutrone (1 gornji kvark i 2 donja kvarka) te protone (2 gornja kvarka i 1 donji kvark) koji su deo atomskih jezgara. Čini prvu porodicu čestica prema standardnom modelu. Ima naboj od -1/3 e i masu između 3.5-6.0 MeV/c². Kao i svi kvarkovi spada u grupu fermiona sa spinom od -1/2. Na njega deluju sva 4 osnovna međudelovanja: gravitaciono, elektromagnetno, slabo i jako. Antičestica donjem kvarku je donji antikvark. Postulirali su ga 1964. Mari Gel-Man i Džordž Cvejg, a prvi put je primećen u SLAC-u 1968.

Donji kvark

Kompozicija	Elementarna čestica
Statistike	Fermionska
Generacija	Prva
Interakcije	jaka, slaba, elektromagnetna sila, gravitacija
Simbol	d
Antičestica	Donji antikvark (d)
Teorije	Mari Gel-Man (1964) Džordž Cvejg (1964)
Otkriven	SLAC (1968)
Masa	7000470000000000000♠4,7+0,5 −0,3 MeV/c2[1]
Raspad u	Stable or Up quark + Electron + Electron antineutrino
Naelektrisanje	−1/3 e
Boja naboja	Yes
Spin	1/2
Slabi izospin	LH: −1/2, RH: 0
Slabi hipernaboj	LH: 1/3, RH: −2/3

Istorija

Mari Gel-Man

Džordž Cvajg

U počecima fizike čestica (prva polovina 20. veka), smatralo se da su hadroni kao što su protoni, neutroni i pioni elementarne čestice. Međutim, kako su otkriveni novi hadroni, 'zoološki vrt čestica' je narastao od nekoliko čestica ranih 1930-ih i 1940-ih na nekoliko desetina njih 1950-ih. Odnosi između svake od njih bili su nejasni sve do 1961. godine, kada su Mari Gel-Man^[2] i Juval Neeman^[3] (nezavisno jedan od drugog) predložili klasifikacionu šemu hadrona nazvanu Osmostruki put, ili tehnički rečeno, SU(3) simetrija ukusa.

Ova klasifikaciona šema je organizovala hadrone u izospinske multiplete, ali fizička osnova iza toga je još uvek bila nejasna. Godine 1964. Gel-Man^[4] i Džordž Cvajg^[5][6] (nezavisno jedan od drugog) predložili su model kvarka, koji se tada sastojao samo od gornjih, donjih i čudnih kvarkova.^[7] Međutim, dok je model kvarkova objašnjavao Osmostruki put, nikakvi direktni dokazi o postojanju kvarkova nisu pronađeni sve do 1968. godine u Centru za linearne akceleratore Stanforda.^[8][9] Eksperimenti dubokog neelastičnog rasejanja su pokazali da protoni imaju podstrukturu i da su protoni napravljeni od tri fundamentalnije čestice objasnili podatke (čime je potvrđen model kvarka).^[10]

U početku ljudi nisu bili voljni da identifikuju tri tela kao kvarkove, umesto toga su više preferirali opis partona Ričarda Fajnmana,^[11][12][13] ali je vremenom teorija kvarkova postala prihvaćena (pogledajte Novembarska revolucija).^[14]

Reference

1. M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018). „Review of Particle Physics”. Physical Review D. 98 (3): 1—708. Bibcode:2018PhRvD..98c0001T. PMID 10020536. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001 .
2. M. Gell-Mann (2000) [1964]. „The Eightfold Way: A theory of strong interaction symmetry”. Ур.: M. Gell-Mann, Y. Ne'eman. The Eightfold Way. Westview Press. стр. 11. ISBN 978-0-7382-0299-0.
   Original: M. Gell-Mann (1961). „The Eightfold Way: A theory of strong interaction symmetry”. Synchrotron Laboratory Report CTSL-20. California Institute of Technology.
3. Y. Ne'eman (2000) [1964]. „Derivation of strong interactions from gauge invariance”. Ур.: M. Gell-Mann, Y. Ne'eman. The Eightfold Way. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-7382-0299-0.
   Original Y. Ne'eman (1961). „Derivation of strong interactions from gauge invariance”. Nuclear Physics. 26 (2): 222—229. Bibcode:1961NucPh..26..222N. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(61)90134-1.
4. M. Gell-Mann (1964). „A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons”. Physics Letters. 8 (3): 214—215. Bibcode:1964PhL.....8..214G. doi:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3.
5. G. Zweig (1964). „An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking”. CERN Report No.8181/Th 8419.
6. G. Zweig (1964). „An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking: II”. CERN Report No.8419/Th 8412.
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9. M. Breidenbach; . (1969). „Observed Behavior of Highly Inelastic Electron–Proton Scattering”. Physical Review Letters. 23 (16): 935—939. Bibcode:1969PhRvL..23..935B. OSTI 1444731. S2CID 2575595. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.935.
10. J. I. Friedman. „The Road to the Nobel Prize”. Hue University. Архивирано из оригинала 2008-12-25. г. Приступљено 2008-09-29.
11. R. P. Feynman (1969). „Very High-Energy Collisions of Hadrons” (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 23 (24): 1415—1417. Bibcode:1969PhRvL..23.1415F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.1415.
12. S. Kretzer; H. Lai; F. Olness; W. Tung (2004). „CTEQ6 Parton Distributions with Heavy Quark Mass Effects”. Physical Review D. 69 (11): 114005. Bibcode:2004PhRvD..69k4005K. S2CID 119379329. arXiv:hep-ph/0307022 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.114005.
13. D. J. Griffiths (1987). Introduction to Elementary Particles. John Wiley & Sons. стр. 42. ISBN 978-0-471-60386-3.
14. M. E. Peskin, D. V. Schroeder (1995). An introduction to quantum field theory. Addison–Wesley. стр. 556. ISBN 978-0-201-50397-5.

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