Velika bengalska glad 1770.

Velika bengalska glad 1770 (beng. Chiẏāttôrer mônnôntôr) bila je glad između 1769 i 1773 (1176 do 1180 u Bengalskom kalendaru) koja je zahvatila donju Ganšku ravnicu Britanske Indije od Biharaa do regije Bengal. Procenjuje se da je glad izazvala smrt oko 10 miliona ljudi,^[3] a izveštaj Vorena Hejstingsa iz 1772. procenjuje da je trećina stanovništva u pogođenom regionu umrla od gladi.^[4] Rajat Data procenjuje mnogo niži revidirani broj, u rasponu od oko 2 miliona mrtvih u roku od 6-7 meseci.^[5]

Velika bengalska glad 1769 ৭৬-এর মন্বন্তর (Chhiattōrer monnōntór)
Zemlja	Britanska Indija
Lokacija	Bengal
Period	1769–1771
Ukupno preminulih	2 ili 10 miliona
Opservacije	Neuspeh politike i suša
Pomoć	Pokušaji zaustavljanja izvoza i gomilanja ili monopoliranja žita; ￡15.000 potrošeno na uvoz žitarica.[1]
Uticaj na demografiju	Populacija Bengala je umanjena za 7% ili 33%
Posledice	Prihodi Britanske istočnoindijske kompanije pali su na £174.300 funti zbog gladi. Naplata poreza izvršena je nasilno kako bi se nadoknadili gubici.[2]

Smatralo se da su neuspeh useva u jesen 1768. i leto 1769. i prateća epidemija malih boginja očiti razlozi gladi.^[6][7][8][9] Istočnoindijska kompanija je povećala naplatu poreza zbog nedostatka obučenih administratora, a preovlađujuća neizvesnost je možda pogoršala uticaj gladi.^[10] Drugi faktori koji su doprineli pritisku bili su: trgovci žitom su prestali da nude avanse za žito seljacima, ali je tržišni mehanizam za izvoz trgovačkog žita u druge regione ostao na snazi; Istočnoindijska kompanija je kupila veliki deo pirinča za svoju vojsku; a privatni službenici kompanije i njihovi indijski Gomasti stvorili su lokalne monopole žitarica.^[6] Do kraja 1769. cene pirinča su porasle dva puta, a 1770. su porasle još tri puta.^[11] U Biharu, neprekidan prolazak armija u ionako sušnom području pogoršalo je uslove.^[12] Istočnoindijska kompanija je pružila malo mera ublažavanja kroz direktne napore za pružanje pomoći;^[13] niti je smanjila poreze, iako su njene mogućnosti da to uradi možda bile ograničene.^[14]

Ova glad je jedna od mnogih gladi i epidemija izazvanih glađu koje su opustošile Indijski potkontinent tokom 18. i 19. veka.^[15][16][17] Ona se obično pripisuje kombinaciji vremena i politici Britanske istočnoindijske kompanije. Početak gladi pripisuje se preslabom monsunu iz 1769. godine koji je prouzrokovao široku sušu i dve uzastopne neuspela useva pirinča.^[4] Ratna razaranja i eksploatacione politike maksimizacije poreskih prihoda grabljive Britanske istočnoindijske kompanije nakon 1765. godine osakatili su ekonomske resurse ruralnog stanovništva.^[4][18]

Indijski ekonomista, dobitnik Nobelove nagrade, Amartija Sen, to opisuje kao glad koju je stvorio čovek, napominjući da se u Bengalu u tom veku nije dogodila prethodna glad, i taj je region pod muslimanskom vlašću bio je jedna od glavnih svetskih ekonomskih sila i bio je nadomak protoindustrijalizacije.^[19][20][21] Istoričar Vilijam Dalrimpl je smatrao da su deindustrijalizacija Bengala^[22] i britanska politika bili razlozi za masovnu glad i široko raširena zverstva.^[23]

Reference

1. he annals of rural Bengal
2. Bowen 2002, стр. 104.
3. Amartya Sen (1981). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford University Press. стр. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
4. Fredrik Albritton Jonsson (18. 6. 2013). Enlightenment's Frontier: The Scottish Highlands and the Origins of Environmentalism. Yale University Press. стр. 167—170. ISBN 978-0-300-16374-2.
5. Ó Gráda, Cormac. Eating people is wrong, and other essays on famine, its past, and its future. Princeton. стр. 99. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. OCLC 902724835.
6. Bhattacharya & Chaudhuri 1983, стр. 299.
7. Visaria & Visaria 1983, стр. 528.
8. Roy, Tirthankar (2019), How British Rule Changed India's Economy: The Paradox of the Raj, Springer, стр. 117—, ISBN 978-3-030-17708-9, „The 1769-1770 famine in Bengal followed two years of erratic rainfall worsened by a smallpox epidemic.”
9. McLane, John R. (2002), Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal, Cambridge University Press, стр. 195—, ISBN 978-0-521-52654-8, „Although the rains were lighter than normal in late 1768, the tragedy for many families in eastern Bihar, north-western and central Bengal, and the normally drier sections of far-western Bengal began when the summer rains of 1769 failed entirely through much of that area. The result was that the aman crop, which is harvested in November, December, and January, and provided roughly 70 percent of Bengal's rice, was negligible. Rains in February 1770 induced many cultivators to plough but the following dry spell withered the crops. The monsoon of June 1770 was good. However, by this time food supplies had long been exhausted and heavy mortality continued at least until the aus harvest in September.”
10. Roy 2021, стр. 88–: "The state mishandled the famine. No state in these times had the infrastructure or the access to information needed to deal with a natural disaster on such a scale. On top of that problem, this was not a normal state. The Company was in charge of taxation, whereas the Nawab looked after governance. The two partners did not trust one another."
11. Roy 2021, стр. 87– "Towards the end of 1769, rice prices had doubled over the previous year, and in 1770, prices were on average six times what they had been in 1768."
12. Roy 2021, стр. 87–: "The 1770 famine owed to a combination of harvest failures and the diversion of food for the troops. Western Bengal and drier regions suffered more. Recovery was quicker in the more water-rich eastern Bengal delta. In the winter of 1768, rains were scantier than usual in Bengal. The monsoon of 1769 started well but stopped abruptly and so thoroughly that the main autumn rice crop was scorched. The winter rains failed again. In the Bihar countryside, the repeated passage of armies through villages already short of food worsened the effects of harvest failure."
13. Peers 2006, стр. 47.
14. Roy 2021, стр. 88–: "The situation meant that those who had the money did not have local intelligence. The standard custom was a tax holiday for the secondary landlord, expecting the benefit would be passed on to the primary landlord and onwards to the affected peasants. However, the Company neither knew nor commanded the secondary landlords' loyalty and distrusted the Nawab's officers' information on what was going on. Consequently, there was resistance to using this option, yet no other instruments were available to the Company to deal with the famine."
15. Mike Davis (2001). Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. Verso. стр. 5–7. ISBN 978-1-85984-739-8.
16. Murton Brian (2001). Kenneth F. Kiple, ур. The Cambridge world history of food. 2. Cambridge University Press. стр. 1411—1427. ISBN 978-0-521-40215-6.
17. Amartya Sen (1981). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford University Press. стр. 195–212. ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
18. Dalrymple, William (4. 3. 2015). „The East India Company: The original corporate raiders”. The Guardian. Приступљено 6. 6. 2015., Quote: "Before long the province, already devastated by war, was struck down by the famine of 1769, then further ruined by high taxation. Company tax collectors were guilty of what today would be described as human rights violations. A senior official of the old Mughal regime in Bengal [or in other sources, an anonymous contemporary pamphleteer] wrote in his diaries: “Indians were tortured to disclose their treasure; cities, towns and villages ransacked; jaghirs and provinces purloined: these were the ‘delights’ and ‘religions’ of the directors and their servants.”
19. „Imperial Illusions”. The New Republic. 31. 12. 2007.
20. Sanjay Subrahmanyam (1998). Money and the Market in India, 1100–1700. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780521257589.
21. Perlin, Frank (1983). „Proto-industrialization and Pre-colonial South Asia”. Past & Present. 98 (1): 30—95. JSTOR 650688. doi:10.1093/past/98.1.30.
22. John L. Esposito, ур. (2004). The Islamic World: Past and Present. Volume 1: Abba - Hist. Oxford University Press. стр. 174. ISBN 978-0-19-516520-3.
23. Dalrymple, William (4. 3. 2015). „The East India Company: The original corporate raiders”. The Guardian. Приступљено 6. 6. 2015.

Literatura

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• Heaven, Will (28. 7. 2010). „The history of British India will serve David Cameron well – as long as he doesn't go on about it”. The Telegraph. London. Архивирано из оригинала 26. 10. 2011. г. Приступљено 15. 10. 2010.
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• John R. McLane, Land and Local Kingship in 18th century Bengal, Cambridge University Press, 0-521-52654-X
• Bhattacharya, S.; Chaudhuri, B. (1983), „Regional Economy (1757–1857): Eastern India”, Ур.: Dharma Kumar, The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, C.1757-c.1970, Cambridge University Press, стр. 270—331, ISBN 978-0-521-22802-2, doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521228022.008
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• Hunter, William Wilson (1871). The Annals of Rural Bengal (Fourth изд.). London: Smith, Elder, and Co.
• Metcalf, Barbara Daly; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006), A concise history of modern India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-86362-9
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• Visaria, Leela; Visaria, Praveen (1983), „Population (1757–1947)”, Ур.: Dharma Kumar, The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, C.1757-c.1970, Cambridge University Press, стр. 463—522, ISBN 978-0-521-22802-2
• Damodaran, Vinita (2015), Damodaran, Vinita; Winterbottom, Anna; Lester, Alan, ур., „The East India Company, Famine and Ecological Conditions in Eighteenth-Century Bengal”, The East India Company and the Natural World, Palgrave Studies in World Environmental History (на језику: енглески), London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, стр. 80—101, ISBN 978-1-137-42727-4, doi:10.1057/9781137427274_5, Приступљено 2021-07-30
• Dyson, Tim (2018-09-27). „Mughal Decline to Early British Rule”. A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day (на језику: енглески). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198829058.003.0005.
• Johns, Alessa (1999). „Hunger in the Garden of Plenty: The Bengal Famine of 1770”. Dreadful Visitations: Confronting Natural Catastrophe in the Age of Enlightenment (на језику: енглески). Routledge. ISBN 9781136683893. doi:10.4324/9781315022789. Архивирано из оригинала 19. 07. 2021. г. Приступљено 06. 07. 2023.
• Khan, Abdul Majed (1969). The Transition in Bengal, 1756–75: A Study of Saiyid Muhammad Reza Khan. Cambridge South Asian Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-04982-5.
• Dutta, Rajat (2019). „Subsistence crises and economic history : A study of eighteenth-century Bengal”. A Cultural History of Famine: Food Security and the Environment in India and Britain (на језику: енглески). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-31652-9. S2CID 159367089. doi:10.4324/9781315316529-3.
• Roy, Tirthankar (10. 9. 2021), An Economic History of India 1707–1857, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-00-043607-5CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)

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